疑似急性阑尾炎的诊断与治疗
2015-06-06吴超陈孝平
吴超 陈孝平
· 综 述·
疑似急性阑尾炎的诊断与治疗
吴超 陈孝平
疑似急性阑尾炎通常因临床表现不典型而有着较高的误诊误治率。如何减少该病的阴性手术率并控制阑尾穿孔率是目前临床研究的热点。全面的病史搜集、反复细致的体格检查及选择性的实验室或影像学检查有助于提高疑似急性阑尾炎诊断的准确率。疑似病例一旦确诊为急性阑尾炎,在抗生素治疗无效时,及时的阑尾切除术常常是获益的。
阑尾炎;阑尾切除术;误诊;诊断;治疗
急性阑尾炎为外科急腹症常见原因,由Fitz最先正确报道。该病的发病率约为0.1%,各年龄段人群均可发病[1-2]。临床实践中,大约1/3的病人缺乏典型的急性阑尾炎临床表现,但经过影像学检查或手术确诊为急性阑尾炎,我们把这类病人归为疑似急性阑尾炎群体。为了解国际上研究该疾病的现况,我们以“appendicitis”或“appendectomy”为检索词在PubMed数据库中检索,排除资料不全及新技术的诊断试验,选择样本量大于500例,2011年1月至2014年10月发表的文献进行分析。文献显示,急性阑尾炎的诊治过程中有两个重要指标:阴性手术率和阑尾穿孔率(表1)[3-15]。阴性手术率是指以阑尾炎为术前诊断进行手术,术中发现阑尾正常或最终病理结果提示阑尾无炎症表现的病例数占总手术病例数的比率;阑尾穿孔率定义为通过影像学检查或手术证实阑尾穿孔的病人在所有疑似阑尾炎病人中的比率。所以,临床医生管理疑似阑尾炎病人时如何平衡这两种比率对于阑尾炎的整体预后有着重要影响。通过回顾目前最新研究,我们希望能提供疑似急性阑尾炎诊治策略。
一、诊断策略
虽然疑似阑尾炎病人症状和体征不典型,但病史、体格检查及对其背后病理生理学机制的理解在诊断中仍有着不可替代的作用。急性阑尾炎的典型表现为转移性右下腹痛和右下腹固定压痛,若炎症累及壁腹膜则表现出腹膜刺激征,这三种征象被认为最有诊断价值。此外,部分病人可伴有胃肠道及全身炎症反应等症状。一些特殊的体格检查,如结肠充气试验(Rovsing征)和腰大肌试验(Psoas征)对确诊也有积极意义。值得一提的是,疼痛持续时间及转移性疼痛的间隔时间对于其他原因引起的右下腹痛有着鉴别价值[16]。文献表明,直肠指诊总体上对疑似阑尾炎病人无确诊价值[17-18],但对盆腔阑尾炎、阑尾周围脓肿等特殊情况仍有提示作用。Wagner等[19-20]对急性阑尾炎文献分析并统计出这些临床表现的敏感度和特异度[19-21],详见表2。
根据Yu等[22]结果,多数急性阑尾炎病人的血白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞比例及其他如C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)等炎症指标升高。但这些指标不能独立作为急性阑尾炎的诊断标准,对鉴别其他疾病引起的右下腹痛也无意义。育龄期妇女常规检查血清β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG)有着重要的鉴别价值,而尿常规筛查也可明确腹痛是否与右侧泌尿系结石相关。
除了体格检查和实验室检查外,Alvarado等[23]报道一种诊断急性阑尾炎的临床方案(表2)。该方案纳入了急性阑尾炎病人常见的9种临床表现并赋值,为临床诊断提供了量化指标[23]。该评分共10分,得分5~8分为疑似阑尾炎。相对于Alvarado评分用于全体人群而言,Samuel的PAS(pedi-atric appendicitis score)方案在儿童疑似阑尾炎病例中有着更高的精度[24]。除了上述两种评分外,有学者根据不同情况又改良出一些新的评分方案,但有前瞻性随机研究表明,在诊断疑似阑尾炎时,经验丰富的临床医师其临床判断的准确性优于上述临床评分[25]。
表1 入选的近3年有关急性阑尾炎的英文文献
表2 急性阑尾炎临床表现诊断效能及评分方案
注:a.PAS方案中还包括儿童群体特异的症状:咳嗽、拍击、捶足,赋值为2;b.Alvarado方案中发热标准为T>37.3℃,PAS方案中发热标准为T>38.0℃;N:中性粒细胞比例
对于通过临床评价无法确诊的病人,合理的影像学检查可显著降低阴性手术率,但对于检查所带来的手术延迟是否增加穿孔率目前还有争议。常规腹部平片对大部分疑似阑尾炎仅有鉴别价值。研究表明,疑似阑尾炎病人超声显示完整的正常阑尾有较强的排除价值,且能降低阴性手术探查率[26]。对于超声无法直接显示阑尾,若出现一些如高回声的系膜脂肪、积液等继发性征象,也有一定确诊价值[27]。在儿童群体中,逐步加压超声检查法其准确性为70%~95%,若结合临床评分,其确诊价值更高[28]。超声检查可显示阑尾肿瘤、卵巢囊肿、异位妊娠、肿大的肠系膜淋巴结等,对疑似阑尾炎的鉴别诊断有重要价值。当然,鉴于超声检查受操作者经验和被检查者胖瘦情况影响大,当无法显示阑尾且无继发表现或显示结果不确定时,该方法诊断价值大大降低[29],此时CT检查可作为替代检查手段[30]。但CT检查费用较高、产生电离辐射及等待时间长限制了其在临床中的广泛应用。对于儿童和孕妇,作者不推荐常规使用CT。然而在成年人中,在住院观察期内选择性CT扫描不但能明确阑尾炎诊断,还有可能发现引起症状的其他原因,而这些原因常需要住院手术治疗[31]。CT扫描尽可能行腹盆腔全扫,如有条件可行薄层扫描并冠状位重建[32-33]。对超声结果不确定且不宜行CT检查的孕妇及儿童,MRI可作为一种补充检查手段[34-35]。文献证实,MRI的应用能够减少阴性手术探查率,对阑尾穿孔率也无显著影响[36]。
当疑似阑尾炎病人通过上述方法确诊困难时,诊断性的腹腔镜探查便有独特优势。它能直观显示阑尾情况,并可鉴别与急性阑尾炎有相似表现的其他病因,对确诊有决定性作用[2]。若是探查确诊急性阑尾炎,可同期行阑尾切除术。该方法最大缺点在于有创性,病人需要全身麻醉,费用高,检查也相应带来不可忽视的并发症。如果不严格控制指征,该种方法可带来较高的阴性手术率。
二、管理策略
疑似阑尾炎的临床表现千变万化。在诊治过程中,病史和体检结果起着根本作用,所以处理疑似阑尾炎病人时积极动态的临床观察十分必要。在观察的同时,有条件可行影像学检查除外其他疾病的可能。通常,CT可用于成年男性及未妊娠的女性病人。鉴于CT检查带来的电离辐射,儿童和孕妇可选择超声检查,若超声结果不明确时,可选择性行MRI扫描。
经典观念认为,急性阑尾炎一经确诊,应该行阑尾切除术以避免可能出现的穿孔等并发症的发生。但近来一些研究表明,疾病早期行抗生素保守治疗也可获得较好的临床结局,2年随访疼痛复发率小于14%,总体有效性达83%[37]。一般来讲,抗生素保守治疗可用于以下情况:①疑似阑尾炎症状轻、发病时间短;②延迟诊断超过48 h病变局限;③诊断不明确,需要观察的期间;④病人情况不宜手术或拒绝手术;⑤术前准备过程。在抗生素选择上,多选择广谱抗菌药物,注意要覆盖厌氧菌。以往联合使用青霉素和链霉素,效果满意[1-2],近年来二三代头孢加甲硝唑有着更优的疗效。对于决定立即行手术治疗的病人,应做好术前准备,并根据病人个体情况选择不同手术方式。目前文献支持腹腔镜阑尾切除术在术后并发症发生率、术后住院时间方面优于传统的阑尾切除术[38-39]。面对经过完善检查仍不能确诊急性阑尾炎的病人,临床医师可动态观察病人病情变化,同时行补液抗感染治疗。当病情无缓解甚至加重时,应考虑行诊断性腹腔镜检查。若观察病人情况好转或经过检查无阳性提示,通常予以对症支持治疗。笔者结合文献总结出疑似阑尾炎诊治流程(图1),希望能对临床实践有实际指导作用。
图1 疑似急性阑尾炎诊断与治疗流程图
三、总结
目前为止,国内外暂无权威组织推出对于疑似急性阑尾炎的诊治指南。在临床实践中,准确及时的诊断和治疗通常很困难,这就要求临床医师准确地采集病史和反复细致地体格检查。一线临床医师常常经验不足,如果参考临床评分能减少误诊误治率。疑似阑尾炎病人临床表现通常不典型,有时需进一步影像学检查。选择性的影像学检查结合临床评分会提高诊断的准确性。但影像学检查易受到检查者主观影响,所以临床医师不应全部依赖于影像学检查结果,而是要对病史、体格检查和相关辅助检查结果综合分析。对待儿童、孕妇、老年人疑似该病,要按照疾病人群的特点做好个体化的诊治。
综上所述,疑似阑尾炎诊治中应充分考虑各种导致相似症状疾病的可能,仔细认真收集临床资料,积极动态分析检查结果,做出最利于病人的治疗方式。
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Diagnosis and treatment of suspected acute appendicitis
WuChao,ChenXiaoping.
DepartmentofSurgery,TongjiHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScience&Technology,Wuhan430030,China
Correspondingauthor:ChenXiaoping,Email:chenxp@medmail.com.cn
Suspected appendicitis often have high rates of misdiagnosis and mistreatment because of non-typical clinical manifestations. It is currently hotly debated as to how surgeons reduce the rate of negative appendectomy and lower the possibility of appendix perforation. Comprehensive history-taking, detailed & thorough physical examinations and selective laboratory or radiological examinations may improve the diagnostic accuracy of suspected acute appendicitis. Once a definite diagnosis is made, timely appendectomy is normally recommended when antibiotic therapy is ineffective.
Appendicitis; Appendectomy; Misdiagnosis; Diagnosis; Treatment
430030 武汉,华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院外科
陈孝平,Email:chenxp@medmail.com.cn
R656.8
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2015.01.020
2014-11-20)