英语语法中“主谓一致”问题浅析
2015-05-30杨芙蓉马瑞香
杨芙蓉 马瑞香
摘 要:英语语法中的主谓一致问题是语法教学的重点和各级考试的核心。文章主要从以-s结尾名词作主语、集合名词作主语、并列结构作主语和分句作主语四大方面对主谓一致问题作以探讨,以期为英语学习者和教学工作者提供参考。
关键词:英语语法;主谓一致;语法一致原则;意义一致原则;就近原则
所谓主谓一致(subject verb concord)是指句子的主语和谓语之间在人称和数方面的一致或统一关系[1];支配主谓一致的原则有三:“语法一致原则(grammatical concord)、意义一致原则 (notional concord)和就近原则(principle of proximity)”[2];以下运用三条基本原则具体分析英语语法中几类不易掌握的主谓一致问题:
一、 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题
1. 一些以-s结尾的疾病名词、游戏名词、学科名词、国家机构名词等作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式;例如:
Diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.
Acoustics is the study of sound.
2. 一些以-s结尾的由不可分割的两部分组成的事物名词作主语时,谓语动词一般采用复数形式,但如果用a / one pair of 之类表示单数概念的数量词来修饰时,则谓语动词要用单数:例如:
Jeans are still fashionable nowadays.
One pair of scissors is not enough to fix it.
3. 一些以-s结尾的单复数同形的名词作主语时,如果该词用作单数,则其后的谓语用单数,若用作复数,谓语相应用复数;例如:
A series of childrens books has been published.
There are two series of readers:beginners and advanced learners.
二、 集合名词作主语时的主谓一致问题
1. 表示人或有生命物的集合名词作主语时,其谓语动词常用复数形式,例如:
The police are going to question him.
2. 表示无生命的集合名词作主语,谓语通常用单数形式,例如:
The fruit looks ripe in the orchard.
All the merchandise is imported from abroad.
三、 并列结构作主语时的主谓一致问题
1. 由and,both…and… 连接的并列结构作主语时,根据语法一致原则,应使用复数谓语,但如果并列结构表示一个整体概念或意义时,则用单数谓语, 例如:
The stars and stripes is their national emblem.
Knife and fork is placed on the dinner table.
2. 由or, nor,either…or…等连接的并列结构作主语时, 根据“就近原则”决定谓语动词,例如:
Not only chairs but also bed has been moved.
Here is a stamp and several envelopes.
四、分句作主语的主谓一致问题
1. 在名词性分句中,当一个限定性分句作主语时,谓语用单数,两或两个以上的名词性分句作主语时,谓语用复数,例如:
What I said is true.
What I say and what I think are my own affairs.
2. 在关系分句(定语从句)中,如果先行词由one of 修饰,则从句中谓语动词用复数形式,若由the one of 修饰,则谓语动词用单数形式,例如:
He is one of the boys who are going abroad.
He is the only one of the boys who is going abroad.
3. 在分裂句(强调句)[3]中,从句的谓语动词由被强调的句子的实际主语决定,并与其保持主谓一致关系,例如:
It is I who am to blame.
It is my sister who is to blame.
4. 在存在句中,谓语动词由实际主语来决定,当实际主语由并列短语来充当时, 谓语动词应根据“就近原则”来决定,例如:
There is a rainbow in the sky.
There are a number of swans and a goose on the lake. (作者单位:沈阳大学外国语学院)
参考文献:
[1] Alexander, L.G.,Longman English Grammar[M] . Longman,1997
[2] Murphy,R. English Grammar in Use[M] . Cambridge University Press,1994
[3] 章振邦. 新编英语语法教程[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999(第三版)