完形填空常见错因

胡辉

完形填空题是以语篇为单位，考查考生语言综合能力的测试题。它不仅考查考生对英语语法、词汇知识和简单表达的掌握情况、还能考查考生的阅读能力、分析判断能力和综合运用语言的能力等。

完形填空的常见错因有：

1. 孤立地就题答题，忽视语境关系；

2. 不能合理地运用背景知识和社会常识来解题；

3. 不能把握句子间的逻辑关系；

4. 没有全局观，忽视语篇情感；

5. 不能把握文章的主旨大意。

[错因1 忽视语境关系]

例1 （2015年高考山东卷）At first， I just want to get my 39 degree and be left alone. I thought I was smarter than everyone else， so I hardly ever 40 talked to anyone in classes. By the end of my first semester， I was really 41 lonely. It seemed as if everyone but me had made friends and was having fun. So I tried a（n） 42 experiment. I started asking people around me how they were doing， and if they were having trouble I 43 offered to help. That was really a big 44 for me. By the end of the year， I had several new friends， and two of 45 them are still my best friends today.

A. dream B. problem

C. duty D. step

解析 D。做此题时，同学们容易忽略语境关系，只根据当句内容来选择。同学们应该注意到第44空前讲述“我”开始有所行动，空后讲年末“我”的行动的成效，所以空这里应填step，表示“我”踏出了重大的一步。

例2 （2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷） In the store， I asked each of my kids 45 pick something they thought our “friend” there would 46 . They got apples， a sandwich and a bottle of juice. The my 17-year-old suggested giving him a 47 gift card.

A. order B. supply

C. appreciate D. discover

解析 C。“我”决定送一些东西给乞丐，要送当然最好送他会“喜欢”的。

[错因2 忽视背景常识]

例3 He agreed， but 43 added， “A odometer without a speedometer （速度计） is like a 44 without a knife.”

A. pencil B. fork

C. box D. cake

解析 B。本句意为“没有速度计的里程表好比没有配刀的叉”。做此类题目时，同学们要能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别要注意中西文化的差异。

例4 （2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷） My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way， we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said，“41 Lost my job. Family to Feed.”

At this store， a 42 sight like this is not normal. My 10-year-old noticed him and made a 43 comment on how bad it must be to have to stand 44 in the cold wind.

A. outside B. proudly

C. by D. angry

解析 A。前文讲“我们”在去超市的路上看见一个男子举着一张上面写着自己失业了的纸。当时正是冬天，这个男人站在冷风中，自然是在室外（outside）。其他如proudly和angry，这两种情绪缺乏上下文印证，stand by表示“站在旁边；待命”，也不合适。此题容易错在忽视背景常识，即仅凭自己的主观判断而没有考虑文章背景或常识。

点拨 高考的短文一般都是合乎常识的，且话题多与日常生活有关。当对文章细节把握不准时，同学们可以充分利用社会知识或科普常识来辅助判断。

[错因3 忽视逻辑关系]

例5 The house came 45 alive the few days. Zigfield 46 enjoyed every single hour of them. 47 ， the day before Christmas when he was drinking hot chocolate with a 48 satisfied smile at the door of his home， he heard the 49 discussion of the children of the family about what they might get for Christmas.

A. However B. Instead

C. Moreover D. Therefore

解析 A。做此题时，同学们容易忽略逻辑关系。理解文章的内容，正确地把握逻辑关系有助于正确解题。从47空前后来看，此处表示转折关系，故用However。

点拨 忽视逻辑关系即忽视了上下文的逻辑关系，无法全面、系统地理解短文。因此做题时联系上下文也是显得尤为重要。解答此类题目我们可以留意两点：

1.某一空格所对应的答案很有可能就是上下文中复现或同现的相关词，我们可以根据这些词之间的联系以确定答案；

2.文章的各句和各段之间多有逻辑上的联系，应特别留意表达不同逻辑关系的连词， 如最常见的and，but，or等。

[错因4 忽视语篇情感]

例6 （2015年高考湖南卷）“wait a minute”， Mom said. “I want your 39 clothes back. You didnt wear anything when you arrived.”This really angered me. I tore my clothes off—shoes， socks， underwear and all—and 40 ， “Can I go now？”“Yes”， Mom answered， “but once you close that door， dont expect to come back.”

A. explained B. suggested

C. continued D. shouted

解析 D。做这道题时，同学们容易忽略情感，不能准确理解作者的感受。当妈妈向作者要衣服的时候他已经非常生气了，这时候脱下衣服的他更是控制不住愤怒，所以此处应填shouted。

例7 （2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷）When we handed him the bag of 52 food ， he lit up and thanked us with 53 eyes. we I handed him a gift card saying he could use it for 54 whatever his family might need， he burst into tears.

A. sleepy B. watery

C. curious D. sharp

解析 B。忽视语篇情感即忽视了短文中提到的人或作者的观点、态度和情绪等。前文讲“我们”给了乞丐食物，后文讲给了乞丐礼品卡，乞丐流了眼泪。乞丐的情感有个递进的过程，先是眼睛湿润地道谢，接着感激涕零，所以此处选择watery。

点拨 关于领会语篇情感，希望同学们从以下两方面进行强化：

1. 加强自己的逻辑推理能力。现在的完形填空逐渐舍弃了单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断，这其中难免涉及作者的观点和态度等；

2. 要判断选项是否符合英美的文化习俗，因为不同的文化背景下面对同样的事态度可能会不同。

[错因5 忽视文章大意]

例8 I used to be a very self-centered person， but in the past two years I have really changed. I have started to think about other people 36 I think about myself. I am happy that I am becoming a 37 person.

36. A. since B. before

C. or D. unless

37. A. famous B. simple

C. different D. skilled

解析 BC。做此题时，同学们容易忽视文章大意。本文讲的是是“我”过去是个自我中心的人，但后来“我”有了改变。

点拨 做题前应对文章进行总体了解，避免做了后面的题目后才发现和前面的内容冲突或矛盾。考试时间有限，如果能够快速找到文章的主旨句，从而掌握文章的主旨大意就等于成功了一半。建议大家从两个方面着手：

1. 快速通读全文掌握大意。不要读一句填一句，要先越过空白处快读全文；

2. 重视文章的首尾句。文章的首句或尾句往往是文章的关键句，通过它们可以了解全文的大意以及文章的主旨。