APP下载

穿越从句“迷宫”:what VS that

2015-05-28周童瑜

求学·理科版 2015年2期
关键词:同位语横线省略

周童瑜,南京大学博士,主要研究方向是国际关系和中美文化。托福考试满分获得者,知名语法专家,对英语语法有独到研究。

语语法分两条主线:一条是动词,另一条则是从句。从句就像“迷宫”,语法规则多而繁,考生稍不留神就容易迷失。而what和that这两个长得差不多的单词,则马不停蹄地穿梭于这些从句里,到处都有其踪影,让人眼花缭乱。本期我们为大家清晰呈现what和that在多种从句中的细微差异。

主语从句

that与what都可以引导主语从句。that在主语从句中不充当句子成分,且不能省略;what 在主语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语等句子成分,也不能省略。

1. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.

A.that B.when C.what D.how

【点拨】看到句首的it,考生应当迅速联想到it充当形式主语的情况,并可以迅速判定该句是考查主语从句。横线后的句子很明显缺少主语,when和how都是副词,不能充当主语,故排除。that和what引导主语从句时,that不能充当句子成分,也排除,所以锁定答案C项,what在这里充当的是主语从句的主语。

宾语从句

that与what都可以引导宾语从句。that在宾语从句中不充当句子成分,且通常可以省略,但如果有两个以上的并列宾语从句时,只能省略掉第一个that,后面的that不能省略;what 在宾语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语等句子成分,且不能省略。

2. A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago.

A.what B.which C.that D.where

【点拨】此题横线处所填的词,充当介词in的宾语从句中的主语,而that在宾语从句中不能充当句子成分,故排除;而连接代词what引导的这个宾语从句,表示的“是十年前一个什么样的地方”,符合句意逻辑,故选A项。

3.We know little about the young lady except you told me.

4.I know nothing about her except she is from Canada.

A.what B.which C.that D.how

【点拨】第3题为what引导的宾语从句,做介词except的宾语,而在从句中what做told的直接宾语,故选A项。第4题选择C项that,其引导的宾语从句做介词except的宾语, that不充当任何句子成分,仅起连接作用。

表语从句

that与what都可以引导表语从句。that在表语从句中不充当句子成分,且不能省略;what 在表语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语等,同样不能省略。

5. See the flags on top of the building? That was______ we did this morning.

6.The reason for his success is he worked hard.

A.that B.which C.where D.what

【点拨】第5题选D。what引导表语从句,且在从句中做did的宾语,what相当于all that。第6题选D。从句he worked hard,是S+Vi句式,结构完整,that不充当任何句子成分。

同位语从句

that与what都可以引导同位语从句。that在同位语从句中不充当句子成分,且不能省略;what 在同位语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语等,同样不可省略。

7. It's beyond doubt man will lag behind in the race.

A.what B. which C. when D. that

【点拨】此题选D。that引导的同位语从句在抽象名词doubt后起补充、说明具体内容的作用,that不能省略且不充当任何成分。注意:that man中的that起修饰man的作用,指“那个人”,而不是引导词。

定语从句

that可以引导定语从句,且在从句中充当主语或宾语,既可指人也可以指物,充当定语从句宾语时,that可以省略;what此轮出局,它不可以引导定语从句。

8. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.

A.that B.which C.what D.as

【点拨】此题答案为A项。句中先行词为all,that为关系代词,意指all,在从句中充当宾语。all that相当于what。

状语从句

that单独使用可以引导结果状语从句,另外可通过in that,now that,considering that, on condition that,so...that, such...that,so that等来引导多种状语从句;what在状语从句中,只有通过no matter what来引导让步状语从句。

9. The British Museum was unique ______ it housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building.

A.while B.in which C.except that D.in that

【点拨】此题选D项。in that可以翻译成“在于……的情况”,有些语法书将in that翻译成“因为”,也符合意义,即等同于because。但需要注意的是,because表示的是强烈的因果关系,而in that则更多表示的是“特性或者特征性情况的补充说明”。

10. It is generally considered unwise to give a child__________ her or she wants.

A.whatever B.no matter what

C.whenever D.no matter when

【点拨】此题应选 A项。因横线后的从句缺少宾语,C、D两项相当于副词,只能充当状语,故排除。而容易误选的B项和A项的区别为:no matter what 只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句,而 whatever 既能引导名词性从句,此时whatever=anything that,也可引导让步状语从句,此时whatever才等于no matter what。

11. Chinese parents prove to be the most loving parents in the world, trying every effort to satisfy ______ desire their kids cherish.

12. The magnificent tower must be saved, ______the cost!

A.whichever B.no matter what

C.no matter which D.whatever

【点拨】第11题应选D项。whatever在这里相当于形容词,意为“不管什么样的”,修饰desire。whatever desire做cherish的宾语。第12题则可以选择B和D两项。whatever在此引导让步状语从句,no matter what亦可,该句是省略句,省略了cost后面的is。

混合从句(含强调句)

13.You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.

A.that; what B.what; /

C.which; that D./; that

【点拨】此题同时考查名词性从句和定语从句。前面一个空格后的从句做介词of的宾语,即宾语从句,用what,同时充当从句谓语动词get的宾语;后面一个空格则为定语从句,先行词为不定代词something,横线处需要关系代词充当从句谓语动词get的宾语,故关系代词此处可以省略。对应选项即可锁定B项为正确答案。

14. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.

15. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.

【点拨】这两道题考查的是定语从句和结果状语从句。第14题nobody can lift,lift后面缺少宾语,此时应填as,as充当关系代词,代指stone。在第15题中,横线后的句子不缺宾语,此时应用that,that仅起连接作用,不充当成分,引导的是结果状语从句。考生要注意两题的比较,不可混淆。

16.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.

A.that B.what C.which D.this

【点拨】此题答案为A项。考查强调句结构“It is (was)+ 所强调的成分+ that (who)+ 其他成分”,注意不要受到被强调部分的干扰而误判。

17. It was said __was all _boy had said.

A.that what,what that B.what that, that that

C.what that, that what D.that that, that that

【点拨】此题答案选择D项。It was said that...是固定句型,意思是“据说……”,其中that是连词,无词义;第二个空格,that在这里是代词,意思是“那”。

推荐阅读:直接宾语和间接宾语是双宾语中两个常见的概念,双宾语真的so easy吗?本期同步推出的《求学》文科版“新生语法系列”之《双宾语的“三重门”》,带你了解双宾语的“三重门”境界。

猜你喜欢

同位语横线省略
Can you solve them?
“省略”讲解与训练
Noun Riddles
同位语从句讲与练
难得的生日礼物
动脑筋,仔细看
高考英语中的省略现象探究
省略
省略