面对“被动语态”不“被动”
2015-03-27俞江涛吴红英
俞江涛 吴红英
英语动词的语态分为两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态强调主语是谓语动作的执行者,二者为主动关系。被动语态强调主语是谓语动作的承受者,二者为被动关系。如:
I have done the job. (主动关系)
The job has been done. (被动关系)
为了在面对被动语态时不”被动”,让我们从以下三大方面来掌握被动语态。
[被动语态的构成]
被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态,高考主要考查以下八种:一般现在时的被动语态(am/is/are+过去分词);一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+过去分词);一般将来时的被动语态(will/shall be+过去分词);过去将来时的被动语态(would/should+be+过去分词);现在进行时的被动语态(am/is/are+being+过去分词);过去进行时的被动语态(was/were+being+过去分词);完成时的被动语态(have/has/had+been+过去分词);带情态动词的被动语态(情态动词be+过去分词)。
被动语态除常用be+过去分词外,还可用get+过去分词。这种结构多用在口语中,高考常考。例如:Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.
[被动语态的意义]
1. 不知道或无必要指出行为、动作的执行者时(无须加介词by),如:Football is played all over the world。
2. 突出和强调行为或动作的承受者时,如:History is made by the people。
3. 有时主语较长,宜后置,如:Its said that they have won the game。
[使用被动语态的注意事项]
1. 短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。如:look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, take care of等。例如:
The data is often referred to.
My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
2. 不及物动词没有被动语态。如:appear, belong, remain, happen, occur, escape, break out等。例如:
(错误)The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937.
(正确)The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.
(错误)At last, my dream was come true.
(正确)At last, my dream come true.
3. 连系动词用主动形式表达被动含义。
①表示感官的连系动词,如:smell, taste, sound, feel, look, seem等,这类动词只能用主动形式表达被动的含义。如:
Mr Li looks quite young.
His health seems to be better.
②表示持续状态的动词,如stay, remain等,也不用于被动语态,它们的被动意义也要用主动的形式来表达。如:
Much work remains to be done.
The window stayed open all the night.
③prove,turn out作连系动词,表示“结果,证明”。例如:
This meeting proved/turned out to be a success.
4. 说明商品,产品或工具自身所具有的性能或内在属性的动词,如sell(well/badly),wash(well/badly),write(well/badly),cut(well/badly)等,这类动词不用于被动语态(不表达此意时,则另当别论)。如:
The book sells well. 这本书卖得很好。
This knife cuts well. 这把刀切起来很锋利。
5. need, want, require以及be worth...之后的动词ing形式不用被动语态,要用主动的形式表达被动的含义。如:
This book is well worth reading.
The flower needs watering.
6. 动词不定式的被动语态要注意的问题。
①动词不定式与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系,又和句子的主语构成主谓关系;在“主语+be+形容词(如hard, easy, difficult, good, impossible, important等)+不定式”句型中,当主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式用主动形式表达被动意义。如:
I have an important meeting to attend.
The math problem is hard to work out.
②There be 句型中,通常用不定式的主动形式表达被动的意义。如:
There is lots of difficulty to face in the future.
③有些动词不定式的被动意义用主动形式表达是固定用法,如:to blame(应受谴责);to let(出租)等。
7. 一词多义的动词在用作某一特定的词义时是不及物的,不能用于被动语态,反之则可以用于被动语态,应视具体情况而定。如decline做及物动词时,意为“拒绝;谢绝”,作不及物动词时,意为“衰退;减弱;(物价等)下跌”,如:
The invation of the TV was declined by the famous singer.
The prices are declining
8. 有些动词形式上是被动的,但含义上是主动的。如:
He was dressed in red at that time.
The girl was lost in the forest.
The boy was seated in the chair.
9. 在使役动词make以及感官动词see, hear...等动词被动形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号to。如:
The teacher made Jim answer it again. (主动)
Jim was made to answer it again. (被动语态,加to)
10. 注意系表结构和被动语态的区别。系表结构表明主语的的状态或特征,不带by短语,而被动语态是表明主语的一个被动动作,可以带by短语。如:
The job was well done. (系表结构)
The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被动语态)
练习
1. In response to the audiences demand, the play in the theatre twice a week. (put)
应观众要求,这部戏会在这个剧院每周上演两次。
2. The fruit in his fruit shop looks fresh and usually than that in other fruit shops. (sell)
他水果店里的水果看起来很新鲜,通常比其他水果店的水果卖得更好。
3. Mike is a new student from America. At the beginging he found many classmates around him . (get)
Mike是一名来自美国的学生。起初,他发现他身边的许多同班同学很难相处。
4. The important report is supposed
the manager. (send)
这个重要的报告被认为已经送给经理了。
5. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen . (wear)
这种眼镜由富有经验的匠人制造,戴着很舒服。
6. The doctor my English teacher for three years. (marry)
这位医生与我的英语老师已经结婚3年了。
参考答案
1. will/would be put on
2. sells better
3. were hard/difficult to get on/along with
4. to have been sent to
5. wears comfortably
6. has been married to