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面对“被动语态”不“被动”

2015-03-27俞江涛吴红英

高中生学习·高二版 2015年2期
关键词:语态被动语态及物动词

俞江涛 吴红英

英语动词的语态分为两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态强调主语是谓语动作的执行者,二者为主动关系。被动语态强调主语是谓语动作的承受者,二者为被动关系。如:

I have done the job. (主动关系)

The job has been done. (被动关系)

为了在面对被动语态时不”被动”,让我们从以下三大方面来掌握被动语态。

[被动语态的构成]

被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态,高考主要考查以下八种:一般现在时的被动语态(am/is/are+过去分词);一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+过去分词);一般将来时的被动语态(will/shall be+过去分词);过去将来时的被动语态(would/should+be+过去分词);现在进行时的被动语态(am/is/are+being+过去分词);过去进行时的被动语态(was/were+being+过去分词);完成时的被动语态(have/has/had+been+过去分词);带情态动词的被动语态(情态动词be+过去分词)。

被动语态除常用be+过去分词外,还可用get+过去分词。这种结构多用在口语中,高考常考。例如:Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.

[被动语态的意义]

1. 不知道或无必要指出行为、动作的执行者时(无须加介词by),如:Football is played all over the world。

2. 突出和强调行为或动作的承受者时,如:History is made by the people。

3. 有时主语较长,宜后置,如:Its said that they have won the game。

[使用被动语态的注意事项]

1. 短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。如:look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, take care of等。例如:

The data is often referred to.

My sister is taken care of by Grandma.

2. 不及物动词没有被动语态。如:appear, belong, remain, happen, occur, escape, break out等。例如:

(错误)The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937.

(正确)The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.

(错误)At last, my dream was come true.

(正确)At last, my dream come true.

3. 连系动词用主动形式表达被动含义。

①表示感官的连系动词,如:smell, taste, sound, feel, look, seem等,这类动词只能用主动形式表达被动的含义。如:

Mr Li looks quite young.

His health seems to be better.

②表示持续状态的动词,如stay, remain等,也不用于被动语态,它们的被动意义也要用主动的形式来表达。如:

Much work remains to be done.

The window stayed open all the night.

③prove,turn out作连系动词,表示“结果,证明”。例如:

This meeting proved/turned out to be a success.

4. 说明商品,产品或工具自身所具有的性能或内在属性的动词,如sell(well/badly),wash(well/badly),write(well/badly),cut(well/badly)等,这类动词不用于被动语态(不表达此意时,则另当别论)。如:

The book sells well. 这本书卖得很好。

This knife cuts well. 这把刀切起来很锋利。

5. need, want, require以及be worth...之后的动词ing形式不用被动语态,要用主动的形式表达被动的含义。如:

This book is well worth reading.

The flower needs watering.

6. 动词不定式的被动语态要注意的问题。

①动词不定式与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系,又和句子的主语构成主谓关系;在“主语+be+形容词(如hard, easy, difficult, good, impossible, important等)+不定式”句型中,当主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式用主动形式表达被动意义。如:

I have an important meeting to attend.

The math problem is hard to work out.

②There be 句型中,通常用不定式的主动形式表达被动的意义。如:

There is lots of difficulty to face in the future.

③有些动词不定式的被动意义用主动形式表达是固定用法,如:to blame(应受谴责);to let(出租)等。

7. 一词多义的动词在用作某一特定的词义时是不及物的,不能用于被动语态,反之则可以用于被动语态,应视具体情况而定。如decline做及物动词时,意为“拒绝;谢绝”,作不及物动词时,意为“衰退;减弱;(物价等)下跌”,如:

The invation of the TV was declined by the famous singer.

The prices are declining

8. 有些动词形式上是被动的,但含义上是主动的。如:

He was dressed in red at that time.

The girl was lost in the forest.

The boy was seated in the chair.

9. 在使役动词make以及感官动词see, hear...等动词被动形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号to。如:

The teacher made Jim answer it again. (主动)

Jim was made to answer it again. (被动语态,加to)

10. 注意系表结构和被动语态的区别。系表结构表明主语的的状态或特征,不带by短语,而被动语态是表明主语的一个被动动作,可以带by短语。如:

The job was well done. (系表结构)

The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被动语态)

练习

1. In response to the audiences demand, the play                      in the theatre twice a week. (put)

应观众要求,这部戏会在这个剧院每周上演两次。

2. The fruit in his fruit shop looks fresh and usually                           than that in other fruit shops. (sell)

他水果店里的水果看起来很新鲜,通常比其他水果店的水果卖得更好。

3. Mike is a new student from America. At the beginging he found many classmates around him                       . (get)

Mike是一名来自美国的学生。起初,他发现他身边的许多同班同学很难相处。

4. The important report is supposed

the manager. (send)

这个重要的报告被认为已经送给经理了。

5. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen                  . (wear)

这种眼镜由富有经验的匠人制造,戴着很舒服。

6. The doctor                         my English teacher for three years. (marry)

这位医生与我的英语老师已经结婚3年了。

参考答案

1. will/would be put on

2. sells better

3. were hard/difficult to get on/along with

4. to have been sent to

5. wears comfortably

6. has been married to

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