不定式的语态

李云标

借助句子语境，通常我们可以推断出与动词不定式在意义上存在主谓关系的某个词，我们把它称为不定式的逻辑主语。动词不定式的语态，则要根据它的逻辑主语与不定式动词的关系来确定。当逻辑主语是不定式的执行者时，它们是主动关系，不定式就要用主动语态;当逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，它们是被动关系，不定式就要用被动语态。

[逻辑主语]

动词不定式的逻辑主语，可以是句子的主语、宾语，也可以是句子的其它成分，或者由介词for/of引出来，有时也有不在句子中出现的情形。为了更好地理解不定式的语态，针对以上各种情形，我们都可以把逻辑主语和动词不定式转换为一个完整的句子。

1. 不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语

①Group activities will be organized after class to help children develop team spirit.

为了帮助孩子们培养团队精神，课后将要组织一些集体活动。

转换  Group activities （can） help children develop team spirit.

②To free ourselves from the physical and mental tensions， we each need deep thought and inner quietness.

为了摆脱身体和心理的紧张状态，我们每一个人都需要深思和内心的宁静。

转换  We can free ourselves from the physical and mental tensions.

2. 不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语

①She convinced me to enroll in these classes.

她说服我参加这些班。

转换  I enrolled/would enroll in these classes.

②Harrison Ford is considered as one of the few movie stars to have worked as a carpenter before.

哈里森·福特被认为是为数不多的曾经做过木匠的电影明星之一。

转换  The few movie stars have worked as a carpenter before.

③He did not like his intention to be laughed at.

他不喜欢自己的意图受到嘲笑。

转换  His intention was laughed at.

3. 不定式的逻辑主语就是被修饰的词

①The decision to be made at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

在会上做出的决定会影响到我们公司的未来。

转换  The decision will be made at the meeting.

②She may be an ideal person to look after the children.

她可能是照顾孩子们的理想人选。

转换  An ideal person will look after the children.

4. 不定式的逻辑主语由介词for引出

It is hard for a person to recognize opportunities if he stays in one place.

假如一个人待在原地，就难以意识到机遇。

转换  A person recognizes opportunities.

5. 不定式的逻辑主语由介词of引出

It is generous of you to have contributed so much.

你捐了这么多钱，真大方。

转换  You have contributed so much.

6. 不定式表示泛指时逻辑主语不出现

①To make your children capable of honesty is the beginning of education.

让你的孩子诚实是教育的开端。

转换  You make your children capable of honesty.

②The greatest power that a person possesses is the power to choose.

一个人所拥有的最大权力就是选择的权力。

转换  A person chooses.

③The idea “happiness”， to be sure， will not sit still for easy definition.

不可否认，“幸福”的概念不是静态、简单的定义。

转换  We are sure.

[ 不定式的被动语态]

逻辑主语的确定有助于我们掌握动词不定式的被动语态。不定式的被动语态有两种形式：一般式（to be done）和完成式（to have been done）。也有用动词不定式的主动语态表示被动意义的情况。

1. 不定式被动语态的一般式，可以转换为一般时态或者将来时态的被动句来理解

①He hurried to the station only to be told the train had left.

他匆忙来到车站，却被告知火车已经离开了。

转换  （...but） He was told the train had left.

②Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.

经常更新这些数字很重要。

转换  The figures are updated regularly.

③There are benefits to be found in almost everything that happens to you.

发生在你身上的每一件事都能发现其中的有利之处。

转换  Benefits will be found in almost everything that happens to you.

2. 不定式被动语态的完成式，可以转换为过去时态或者完成时态的被动句来理解

①He claimed to have been badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

他声称昨天在超市购物的时受到了虐待。

转换  He was badly treated in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.

②He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party.

他认为被邀请参加聚会是一件很荣幸的事情。

转换  He was invited to the party.

③The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight the other day.

当地报纸报道，前几天有人在光天化日之下抢劫了银行。

转换  The bank was robbed in broad daylight the other day.

3. 一些动词不定式的主动语态，表示被动意义，也可以转换为相应的简单句来理解

1）某些后置定语结构中的不定式主动语态。虽然动词不定式与前面的词有修饰关系，但不定式的逻辑主语不是所修饰的词，而是句子的主语或者宾语。

①He has a large family to support.

他有一大家子人要养活。

转换  He supports a large family.

②Have you got a key to unlock the door？

你有打开门锁的钥匙吗？

转换  You （can） unlock the door.

2）某些表语形容词后面的不定式主动语态。这些不定式动词，有时与主语是被动关系，可以理解为省去了逻辑主语（for you/me/us/them/he...）。

Mark was very anxious because the maths problems were too hard to work out.

Mark非常焦急，因为这些数学题太难了，做不出来。

转换  Mark didnt work out the maths problems.

3）某些用作表语的不定式主动语态。这些动词与句子主语是被动关系。

His house is to let because he has been badly off now.

现在他很缺钱，所以他的房子要出租。

转换  His house will be rented.