复方中药对肉鸡腹水综合征肺组织NO、ET-1的作用及机制
2015-03-23韩烨晨苏晓菲王俊武朱昱波员世宇孙耀贵王文魁李宏全段智变
韩烨晨,苏晓菲,王俊武,张 娟,朱昱波,程 佳,员世宇,孙耀贵,王文魁,李宏全,段智变*
(1.山西农业大学动物科技学院,太谷 030801;2.山西省代县动物检疫站,代县 034200;3.河南科技学院动物科学学院,新乡 453003)
复方中药对肉鸡腹水综合征肺组织NO、ET-1的作用及机制
韩烨晨1#,苏晓菲2#,王俊武1,张 娟1,朱昱波3,程 佳1,员世宇1,孙耀贵1,王文魁1,李宏全1,段智变1*
(1.山西农业大学动物科技学院,太谷 030801;2.山西省代县动物检疫站,代县 034200;3.河南科技学院动物科学学院,新乡 453003)
为研究腹水综合征(AS)肉鸡肺组织NO、ET-1及相关指标变化和复方中药对其的防治作用,将316羽14日龄罗斯肉鸡随机分为空白组(N组,常温,常规饲养)、模型组(C组,9~11 ℃,添加3%猪油和4%鱼粉的高能饲料,0.12% Na+饮水饲养)和复方中药高(T1)、中(T2)、低(T3)剂量组(饲养同C组,每天于饮水中分别给予2、1、0.5 mL·kg-1复方中药)以及L-Arg组(L组,饲养同C组,每天于饲料中添加1% L-Arg)。结果表明:与N组相比,35和45日龄C组肉鸡出现典型临床症状,腹水发病率、腹水心脏指数和肺组织NO及ET-1含量、iNOS活性、ETARmRNA相对表达量显著增加(P<0.01或P<0.05),肺组织cNOS活性和NO/ET-1显著降低(P<0.01);与C组相比,T1、T2和L组均能改善临床症状及上述指标(P<0.01或P<0.05)。肉鸡肺组织NO及ET-1含量、ETARmRNA相对表达量和iNOS活性升高,cNOS活性降低,导致NO、ET-1失衡,参与了AS的发生;气血双补、行气利水的复方中药能有效防治AS。
复方中药;肉鸡腹水综合征;一氧化氮;一氧化氮合酶;内皮素-1;内皮素A型受体
腹水综合征(ascites syndrome,AS)是主要发生于快速生长期肉鸡的一种营养代谢病,寒冷季节易发,病因涉及遗传因素、缺氧、低温、组织损伤、营养、应激和疾病等方面,主要临床症状是腹水、右心肥大、肺和肝充血肿大,死亡率可达肉鸡总死亡率的25%,严重影响养禽业的发展。研究表明,改善心肺功能、降低肺血管收缩性阻力,改善鸡群管理及环境条件,合理搭配饲料,严格执行防疫制度,在饲料中添加抗氧化药物[1]、脲酶抑制剂[2]、L-精氨酸[3]等措施可降低AS的发生率和死亡率,但目前尚没有预后良好的治疗药物。
AS发病的中心环节是肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension,PH),而肺血管舒缩功能异常是PH的直接原因。一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)是血管分泌的重要活性物质,其含量及平衡直接决定血管的舒缩功能。研究表明,禽类肺组织深嵌于肋间隙,顺应性相对较低,同时,肺组织无肺泡,密布的毛细血管和毛细支气管直接接触形成网状结构,血管充盈度高,血流量有限,肺组织功能与肺组织血管活性物质密切相关[4]。
中药作为纯天然产物,具有低残留、安全性高、毒副作用小等优点,在畜禽疾病防治上具有独特优势。研究表明,黄芪、当归、丹参、茯苓、大腹皮等传统中药能够通过调节NO、ET-1及一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性,来调节血管舒缩功能[5-13]。本试验通过测定不同日龄AS肉鸡肺组织NO、ET-1含量及相关的NOS活性、内皮素特异性A受体(endothelin A receptor,ETAR)相对表达量,并以黄芪、当归、丹参、茯苓、大腹皮自拟复方进行治疗观察,为AS及其中药防治提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 动物分组及处理
1日龄罗斯肉鸡316羽(雌雄不限)及三段式饲养饲料(购自山西省文水县大象禽业有限公司)。试验于11月至次年1月进行。常规育雏至14日龄,健康鸡随机分为6组(表1)。依据文献方法[14-15],采用低温(9~11 ℃)、高能饲料(添加3% 猪油、4% 鱼粉)、高钠(饮水总Na+为0.12%)多因素法诱发肉鸡腹水综合征试验模型。调查表明,肉鸡腹水综合征的发病时间和病死时间主要集中在31~45日龄[16],因此于35、45日龄分别随机抽取10羽鸡剖取心和肺组织。心脏用于测定腹水心脏指数,肺组织用于测定NO和ET-1含量、cNOS和iNOS活性及ETARmRNA相对表达量。
1.2 制备复方中药药剂
以黄芪、当归、丹参、茯苓、大腹皮组方(药材购自山西省太谷县药材公司),配比依次为3∶2∶2∶2∶1。清水浸泡30 min后煎煮40 min,纱布过滤,收集药液,重复3次,合并药液减压蒸馏浓缩至1 g·mL-1汤剂,-20 ℃保存备用,饲喂前温化处理。
1.3 主要化学试剂及仪器设备
NO、NOS试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所),ET-1试剂盒(上海蓝基生物科技有限公司),Trizol®Reagent 试剂盒(Invitrogen,美国),SYBR PrimeScriptTMRT Reagent Kit试剂盒(TaKaRa,日本),SYBR®Premix ExTaqTMⅡ(TaKaRa,日本)。Multiskan Mk3型酶标仪(Thermo,美国),Stratagene Mx3000P实时荧光定量PCR仪(Stratagene,美国),ND-1000核酸蛋白测定仪(Nanodrop,美国),Universal HoodⅡ核酸蛋白成像仪(BIO-RAD,美国)。
表1 试验分组、药物剂量及饲养方式
Table 1 Groups,drug dose and breeding ways
组别Group样本数/只Samples中药剂量Drugdose温度/℃Temperature饲喂方式Diet饮水Drinkingwater空白组N52-20~25(常温)基础日粮常规模型组C53-9~11基础日粮+3%猪油+4%鱼粉0.12%Na+高剂组T1522mL·kg-19~11基础日粮+3%猪油+4%鱼粉0.12%Na+中剂组T2531mL·kg-19~11基础日粮+3%猪油+4%鱼粉0.12%Na+低剂组T3530.5mL·kg-19~11基础日粮+3%猪油+4%鱼粉0.12%Na+L-Arg组L53-9~11基础日粮+3%猪油+4%鱼粉+1%L-Arg0.12%Na+
1.4 检测指标及方法
1.4.1 AS判定标准 以患鸡临床症状(皮肤发绀,腹部膨大有波动感)、剖检(腹腔内有大量胶冻状液体,肝充血肿大,有血浆凝块附着)和腹水量(大于20 mL)[17]为判定AS标准。
1.4.2 腹水心脏指数(ascites heart index,AHI) 右心室重与全心室重的比值(RV/TV),取心脏,沿冠状沟剪去两心房,清除附着的脂肪组织及血凝块,称取全心室重量(TV),沿前后纵沟剪下右心室(RV),称重,计算AHI[14]。
1.4.3 NO、ET-1含量和cNOS、iNOS活性测定 取0.1~0.2 g肺组织,匀浆机制备10%匀浆,2 500 r·min-1离心15 min,取上清液,按试剂盒说明测定肺组织NO及ET-1含量和cNOS及iNOS活性。
1.4.4 肺组织ETARmRNA相对表达量 按Trizol®Reagent试剂盒说明书提取肺组织总RNA,DEPC处理水溶解,电泳检测RNA完整性,ND-1000核酸蛋白测定仪测定总RNA的质量浓度和纯度,调整质量浓度至1 000 ng·μL-1左右,-80 ℃保存。按SYBR PrimeScriptTMRT Reagent Kit试剂盒操作说明进行反转录,各样本取1 000 ng总RNA,以Oligo(dT)为反转录引物,合成cDNA第一链。反转录体系:Total RNA 1 000 ng,5×Prime®RT Master Mix 6 μL,加去RNA酶双蒸水至30 μL。反转录条件:37 ℃ 15 min,85 ℃ 5 s;产物-20 ℃保存。以β-actin为持家基因,根据GallusgallusETAR基因mRNA序列(NM204119),应用Primer 3.0软件设计引物,并由TaKaRa有限公司合成(表2)。
表2 引物序列、退火温度及PCR产物长度
Table 2 Primer sequences,annealing temperature and PCR product size
基因Gene引物序列(3'-5')Primersequence退火温度/℃AnnealingtemperaturePCR产物长度/bpLengthETARForward:AATGGCCCGAATGCACTGATAReverse:CTGCCCAAATTCAGAATCTCCAA58131β-actinForward:ATGAAGCCCAGAGCAAAAGAReverse:GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA58223
取合成的cDNA原液,按2倍梯度稀释8个浓度梯度制作β-actin和ETARmRNA基因荧光定量PCR标准曲线、扩增曲线和熔解曲线,qRT-PCR检测样本。反应体系及程序参考SYBR®Premix ExTaqTMⅡ试剂盒说明书。反应体系为SYBR®Premix ExTaqⅡ10 μL,PCR Forward Primer (10 μmol·L-1) 0.8 μL,PCR Reverse Primer (10 μmol·L-1) 0.8 μL,ROX 0.4 μL,cDNA 2 μL,ddH2O 6 μL。条件为95 ℃预变性10 s,95 ℃变性5 s,58 ℃退火及延伸25 s,共50 个循环。每个样本每个基因重复3次。采用2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因mRNA的相对表达量。
1.5 数据分析
2 结 果
2.1 发病率及腹水心脏指数(AHI)
试验观察期间,21日龄时C组就出现有严重的腹水和心衰竭症状的模型鸡。发病肉鸡主要表现精神沉郁,冠髯发紫;下腹部明显膨大,皮肤变薄发亮,触摸有波动感,腹腔穿刺有体积30~200mL不等的淡黄色、枯黄色或淡红色液体;剖解可见心脏肥大松软,右心室扩张,心壁增厚,心包积液;肝淤血、肿大,呈紫红色,部分鸡在肝表面覆盖有大量胶冻样黄色渗出物;肺弥散性充血、水肿等。中药组肉鸡临床症状被改善。表3结果表明,整个试验过程中C组肉鸡腹水综合征累计发病率显著高于N组(P<0.01),T1、T2和L组发病率显著低于C组(P<0.01)。
表3 肉鸡腹水综合征发病率
Table 3 Incidence of broilers AS %
N组C组T1组T2组T3组L组发病率Incidence3.8(2)28.8A(15)7.7B(4)11.3B(6)22.6(12)7.5B(4)
与N组对比,a.P<0.05,A.P<0.01;与C组对比,b.P<0.05,B.P<0.01;下同。括号内为该组发病个体数
Compared with group N,a.P<0.05,A.P<0.01;Compared with group C,b.P<0.05,B.P<0.01;The same as below.The number in bracket is individuals with AS in the corresponding group
表4结果表明,35日龄和45日龄时,C组肉鸡AHI显著高于N组(P<0.01),T1、T2和L组AHI显著低于C组(P<0.01);45日龄各组AHI趋势均高于35日龄。
2.2 肺组织NO和ET-1含量
表5结果表明,35日龄时,C组肺组织NO和ET-1含量显著高于N组(P<0.05,P<0.01),NO/ET-1比值显著低于N组(P<0.01);T1、T2和L组NO和ET-1含量显著低于C组(P<0.05),T1和L组的NO/ET-1比值显著高于C组(P<0.05)。45日龄时,C组肺组织NO和ET-1含量显著高于N组(P<0.01),NO/ET-1比值显著低于N组(P<0.01);T1和L组ET-1含量显著低于C组(P<0.05),T1、T2和L组NO含量显著低于C组(P<0.05),T1和L组NO/ET-1比值显著高于C组(P<0.05)。45日龄各组肺组织NO和ET-1含量趋势均高于35日龄,NO/ET-1比值趋势均低于35日龄。
2.3 肺组织NOS活性
表6结果说明,35日龄和45日龄时,C组肺组织cNOS活性显著低于N组(P<0.01),iNOS活性显著高于N组(P<0.01);T1和L组cNOS活性显著高于C组(P<0.01,P<0.05),T1、T2和L组iNOS显著低于C组(P<0.01)。45日龄N和L组
组别Group35日龄35daysofage45日龄45daysofageNO/(μmol·L-1)ET-1/(ng·g-1)NO/ET-1NO/(μmol·L-1)ET-1/(ng·g-1)NO/ET-1N组1.532±0.1011.105±0.2731.360±0.3211.677±0.3161.446±0.1641.156±0.137C组1.736±0.066a1.743±0.182A1.013±0.060A1.793±0.048A1.997±0.209A0.908±0.107AT1组1.601±0.052b1.407±0.264b1.244±0.120b1.703±0.026b1.694±0.139b1.012±0.088bT2组1.593±0.034b1.512±0.108b1.091±0.0331.731±0.025b1.854±0.2600.953±0.150T3组1.723±0.0981.637±0.1821.081±0.0531.782±0.0221.937±0.2310.934±0.127L组1.624±0.092b1.379±0.162b1.216±0.085b1.704±0.024b1.708±0.148b1.005±0.098b
组别Group35日龄35daysofage45日龄45daysofagecNOSiNOScNOSiNOSN组0.3636±0.01640.2772±0.00820.4184±0.03780.3721±0.0120C组0.2696±0.0158A0.3397±0.0076A0.2019±0.0277A0.5064±0.0075AT1组0.3252±0.0182B0.3021±0.0081B0.3134±0.0270b0.4252±0.0114BT2组0.3071±0.01560.3265±0.0062B0.2546±0.02170.4738±0.0084BT3组0.2763±0.01710.3354±0.00940.2237±0.01250.4928±0.0087L组0.3333±0.0135B0.2923±0.0116B0.3431±0.0067b0.4034±0.0121B
肺组织cNOS活性趋势较35日龄上升,其他组cNOS活性趋势下降;45日龄各组iNOS活性均较35日龄趋势上升。
2.4 肺组织ETARmRNA相对表达量
图1结果表明,35日龄和45日龄时,C组肺组织ETARmRNA相对表达量显著高于N组(P<0.01);T1、T2和L组ETARmRNA相对表达量显著低于C组(P<0.01)。45日龄各组ETARmRNA相对表达量均较35日龄趋势升高。
图1 肉鸡肺组织ETAR mRNA 相对表达量Fig 1 Relative expression of ETAR mRNA in lung of broilers
3 讨 论
快速生长的肉鸡需要大量氧气来满足其生理需求,肉鸡AS及PH的发生与缺氧密切相关[18]。缺氧状态下,肺血管舒缩因子异常是形成PH的关键。NO和ET-1是调控血管舒缩状态的一组生物活性因子。生理情况下,NO舒张血管,降低血压,降低ET-1水平;ET-1收缩血管,升高血压,促进NO释放。NO和ET-1之间的相互作用决定血管最终的舒缩状态。研究表明,缺氧状态下,ET-1含量的绝对升高促进了PH的发生发展[19],且引起NO的代偿性升高[20]。本试验中AS肉鸡肺组织NO和ET-1含量均显著升高、NO/ET-1比值显著降低,NO和ET-1调节的血管舒缩功能失衡参与了AS病变,与文献研究结果一致[21-22],但也有研究表明,缺氧导致AS肺血管内皮细胞损伤,血管内皮舒张因子产生减少[15],产生这种差别的具体机制尚待进一步研究。
NOS是合成NO的唯一关键限速酶,NO的含量与NOS活性变化直接相关[23]。NOS分为原生型(constitutive nitric oxide synthase,cNOS)和诱生型(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS);cNOS分为神经型(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)和内皮型(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)。本试验结果表明,AS肉鸡肺组织cNOS活性降低、iNOS活性升高,与汪雯翰等[24]研究结果一致,但也有研究得出相反结论[25]。研究表明,cNOS在生理条件下产生NO,与ET-1含量相平衡,保持血管状态;iNOS于外界刺激后表达生成大量NO,表现出细胞毒作用[23]。缺氧引起的PH可导致体内cNOS mRNA表达量下降,iNOS表达量上升[26]。本试验中,AS肉鸡肺组织NO含量显著升高,而肺组织cNOS活性降低、iNOS活性升高,说明肉鸡长期处于刺激NO大量表达的状态,导致组织损伤。
ET-1的缩血管功能通过ETAR特异性介导,ETAR在肺主要分布在肺血管和支气管的平滑肌细胞上,介导血管和支气管的收缩[27]。本试验结果表明,AS肉鸡肺组织ETARmRNA相对表达量增加,与相关研究结果一致[21,28],缺氧促使内皮细胞合成分泌ET-1增加,ET-1调控并结合位于平滑肌细胞膜上的ETAR,介导血管收缩[29],从而促进PH发展。
目前,以补益气血、活血化瘀、渗湿利水类中药组方防治AS的研究报道很多,主要从临床症状、病理学检查、体重、发病率、AHI、血液理化指标及抗氧化性能等方面进行检测[30-32],没有从血管内皮舒缩活性因子NO与NOS、ET-1与ETAR进行系统研究的报道。钟翠红等[33]以党参、黄芪、苍术、陈皮、木通、赤芍、当归、茯苓、甘草组方,表明中药方剂能显著升高AS肺NO含量,与本试验结果不一致。本试验结果表明,复方中药能有效改善AS临床症状,显著降低发病率和AHI,以及AS肺组织NO、ET-1含量和ETARmRNA相对表达量,同时能够升高肺组织cNOS活性,抑制iNOS活性升高,减轻NO细胞毒性,减少ET-1作用位点,阻滞其缩血管效应,恢复NO/ET-1比值,保护肺血管舒缩功能,从而有效防治AS,作用效果与L-Arg类似[34-35],其功效与该方中药配伍的协同作用及整体调节密切相关。
中兽医学分析肉鸡腹水综合征的证候特征是气血双虚、气血瘀滞、水湿停聚。气血双虚,则肝主疏泄、心主血脉、脾主运化、肺主气主宣降、肾主水的功能失调,引发气血瘀滞、水湿停聚。根据中兽医治则,确立治法为补益气血、行气活血、利水渗湿;根据中药药性,黄芪益气生精,固本补血;当归补血行血,补虚通络;丹参活血通经,祛瘀通脉;茯苓渗湿利窍,逐水化气;大腹皮行气导滞,利水消肿,故选配黄芪、当归、丹参、茯苓、大腹皮等组成中药复方。
研究表明,黄芪能够降低缺氧引起的NO释放增加,抑制NOS活性,保护血管[5],还可缓解缺血引起的ET含量升高,舒张血管[6];当归能整体调节缺血组织的NOS活性和NO水平,干扰NO引起的细胞毒性作用[7],有效成分阿魏酸钠能抑制缺氧引起的ET-1含量升高,保护内皮细胞[8];丹参可抑制NO的负性作用,调控NOS活性,保护内皮细胞[9],而且能下调缺血及缺氧组织的ET水平[10],优化NO/ET比例,保护组织[11];茯苓主要成分茯苓酸可下调毒素诱导血管内皮分泌的NO和ET-1,使其含量接近正常水平[12];大腹皮具有抑制毒素诱导iNOS活性的作用[13]。本试验中,复方中药能够提高内皮源性NO水平,抑制iNOS合成大量NO造成的病理损害,抑制ET的合成分泌从而抑制血管收缩,降低肺动脉压,从而有效防治AS。
中药及复方中药的多种活性成分单独或协同作用于组织细胞的多种受体,通过多重信号通路整体调节机体功能,发挥其药理作用。关于本试验复方中药对AS防治作用分子机制尚待进一步研究。
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(编辑 白永平)
The Effect and Mechanism of the Compound Recipe of the Traditional Chinese Medicine on NO,ET-1 in Lung of Broiler with Ascites Syndrome
HAN Ye-chen1#,SU Xiao-fei2#,WANG Jun-wu1,ZHANG Juan1,ZHU Yu-bo3,CHENG Jia1,YUN Shi-yu1,SUN Yao-gui1,WANG Wen-kui1,LI Hong-quan1,DUAN Zhi-bian1*
(1.CollegeofAnimalScienceandVeterinaryMedicine,ShanxiAgriculturalUniversity,Taigu030801,China;2.AnimalQuarantineStationofDaixianofShanxi,Daixian034200,China;3.CollegeofAnimalScinece,HenanInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Xinxiang453003,China)
The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of the contents of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1),and the related items in lung of broilers with ascites syndrome (AS) and the prevention and treatment of the compound recipe of the traditional Chinese medicine on AS.A total of 316 14-day-old Ross broilers were randomly divided into normal group (N,bred with a standard diet at room temperature),control group (C,bred with high-energy diet derived from standard diet added with 3% lard and 4% fish meal and 0.12% Na+in drinking water at 9-11 ℃ to induce AS),compound recipe of the traditional Chinese medicine groups (T1,T2,T3,bred in the same way as group C except a dose of 2,1,0.5 mL·kg-1bw of the traditional Chinese medicine everyday added in drinking water,respectively),and L-arginine group (L,bred in the same way as group C except 1% L-arginine added in diet).The results showed that the broilers in group C presented the typical clinical symptoms of AS at 35 and 45 days of age.Compared with group N,the incidence of AS,ascites heart index (AHI),the contents of NO and ET-1,iNOS activity and the relative expression amount ofETARmRNA in lung of broilers at 35 and 45 days of age in group C were increased significantly (P<0.01 orP<0.05),and cNOS activity and the ratio of NO to ET-1 were decreased significantly (P<0.01) in group C.The clinical symptoms and items mentioned above were all improved in groups of L,T1 and T2 compared with group C (P<0.01 orP<0.05).The study showed that the increases of NO and ET-1 content,ETARmRNA relative expression amount and iNOS activity and the decrease of cNOS activity in lung of broiler induced the unbalance of NO and ET-1 which participated in the pathogenesis of AS.The studied compound recipe of the traditional Chinese medicine with the role of tonifying qi-blood and activating qi to excrete water can prevent and treat AS of broiler effectively.
compound recipe of the traditional Chinese medicine;ascites syndrome;nitric oxide;nitric oxide synthase;endothelin-1;endothelin A receptor
10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2015.06.023
2015-01-13
山西省科技攻关项目(20140311022-1);山西农业大学横向科技项目(2013HX28)
韩烨晨(1992-),女,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士生,主要从事中药防治动物血管病变研究,E-mail:hanyechen1992@163.com;苏晓菲(1989-),女,山西忻州人,主要从事动物检疫研究,E-mail:903451453@qq.com。韩烨晨和苏晓菲同为第一作者
*通信作者:段智变(1969-),女,山西祁县人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事中兽医药对动物血管病变及脾胃病证研究,E-mail:duanzhibian2008@aliyun.com
S853.33
A
0366-6964(2015)06-1055-08