以顽固性剧烈咳嗽为主要症状的真菌性食管炎1例报道并文献复习
2015-03-21张明月孙军平汪建新
张明月,奥 婷,孙军平,汪建新
解放军总医院 呼吸科,北京 100853
病例报告
以顽固性剧烈咳嗽为主要症状的真菌性食管炎1例报道并文献复习
张明月,奥 婷,孙军平,汪建新
解放军总医院 呼吸科,北京 100853
目的探讨以剧烈咳嗽为主要症状的真菌性食管炎的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法。方法报道我科2008年收治的1例真菌性食管炎患者,就其剧烈咳嗽等临床特征和诊疗经过,结合相关文献进行回顾性分析。结果患者女性,36岁,因持续性剧烈咳嗽、咳痰伴间断发热7个月余,抗生素及镇咳、祛痰治疗无效转入我科。入院查体:体温37.8℃,左下肺可闻及湿啰音,肺CT示左肺下叶炎性渗出性病变,诊断为肺部感染,予左氧氟沙星、特治星等联合抗感染,佐以镇咳、祛痰、吸入激素及中医药等综合治疗措施,肺部感染灶吸收,体温恢复正常,但剧咳症状未见好转,后经胃镜检查诊断为念珠菌性食管炎,遂停用原抗生素、激素,予氟康唑抗真菌治疗,2周后剧烈咳嗽症状基本消失,复查胃镜示食管黏膜恢复正常,患者痊愈出院。结论以剧烈咳嗽为主要临床症状的真菌性食管炎极易误诊、漏诊,及时胃镜检查可早期明确诊断,静脉应用氟康唑等抗真菌药物是治疗该病的有效方法。
真菌性食管炎;咳嗽;氟康唑
真菌性食管炎是由病原性真菌侵入食管黏膜而形成的一种溃疡性假膜性食管炎,多发生于免疫功能低下的患者,以吞咽困难、胸骨后疼痛或烧灼感为典型表现,有的也表现为上腹不适、腹痛、反酸,但极少数患者会以顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。本文报道以顽固性剧烈咳嗽为主要表现的真菌性食管炎1例,并结合相关文献进行复习,旨在提高对无明显食管症状的真菌性食管炎的临床诊治水平。
病例资料
患者女性,36岁,因剧烈咳嗽、咳痰伴间断发热7个月余于2008年9月25日来我院就诊。患者7个月前受凉后出现咳嗽,咳白色泡沫痰,伴发热,口服感冒药体温可降至正常,但咳嗽、咳痰症状无缓解,后间断发热。2008年5月于外院就诊时查CT提示前上纵隔肿瘤,手术切除病理回报为胸腺瘤,术后仍咳嗽明显,痰培养多次为草绿色链球菌,予抗炎、抗感染等治疗后好转出院。出院后患者再次发热,咳嗽、咳痰加重,自行服用解热镇痛药后体温可恢复正常,但有反复,且咳嗽症状一直未能缓解,为进一步诊断和治疗来我院。既往无高血压、糖尿病史,否认外伤史等。
查体:体温37.8℃,脉搏80/min,呼吸18/min,血压120/70 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。口腔黏膜多处疱疹,扁桃体(-)。听诊左下肺可闻及少许湿啰音,无胸膜摩擦音。腹部平软,无压痛及包块。实验室检查:血常规大致正常,C反应蛋白3.59 mg/dl,红细胞沉降率31 mm/h。血生化:血清总蛋白51.8 g/L、白蛋白34.1 g/L、乳酸脱氢酶312.6 U/L。肿瘤标记物:SCC 5.8 μg/L。心电图正常。胸部CT示两肺弥漫性磨玻璃密度影,左肺下叶见片状密度增高影,内见支气管充气征,初步诊断双肺感染,左下肺较重。入院后先后予甲磺酸左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、吉他霉素、头孢美唑钠等抗感染同时联合镇咳、祛痰、吸入激素抗炎、中医药等综合治疗措施。复查CT示肺内病灶较前明显吸收好转,但剧烈咳嗽症状仍未缓解,考虑不除外支气管结核,行支气管镜检查未发现异常,且PPD试验阴性,多次送检痰涂片均未找到抗酸杆菌。为排除食管因素行胃镜检查示食管上段多发奶酪样白色斑块,延续至下段,周边黏膜充血,贲门开闭自然,齿状线清楚,胃黏膜红白相间,未见溃疡及肿物(图1)。经活检证实为白色念珠菌感染。
图 1 胃镜下可见食管上段多发奶酪样白色斑块,延续至下段,周边黏膜充血Fig. 1 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy demonstrates multiple creamy whitish plaques scattered over the esophageal mucous membrane which is hyperemic and friable
治疗:停用抗生素及激素,予氟康唑注射液0.2 g, 1/d静滴,2周后患者咳嗽症状减轻,复查胃镜示食管黏膜恢复正常(图2),改用口服氟康唑片巩固治疗,100 mg/d。1周后患者痊愈出院,出院后未再来院复查,随访1个月余患者仍有间断发热,但咳嗽症状不明显。
图 2 氟康唑治疗后,胃镜下可见食管黏膜光滑,呈粉红色,未见糜烂、溃疡及新生物Fig. 2 Esophageal endoscopic finding shows normalized esophageal mucosa after antifungal treatment
讨 论
食管真菌感染以白色念珠菌最为多见。白色念珠菌为机会致病菌,通常存在于人体的皮肤、口腔、上呼吸道及胃肠道黏膜等处,约20%正常人食管可培养出念珠菌[1]。当机体出现菌群失调或抵抗力减弱时,此菌可大量繁殖并引起各种念珠菌病。真菌性食管炎在临床上极为少见,但近年来由于广谱抗生素、皮质类固醇激素、免疫抑制剂、抗肿瘤药物及胃酸分泌抑制药的广泛应用[2-4],及恶性肿瘤、糖尿病、艾滋病、营养不良及人口老龄化等原因,导致该病发病率日益增加。此外,随着电子内镜的普及,临床医师对本病认识的提高,真菌性食管炎的检出率也呈逐年上升趋势。有数据显示,在行胃镜检查的患者中该病的检出率为0.8%~7.3%[5]。本例患者曾被诊断为胸腺瘤,自身免疫功能被削弱,易引起真菌在食管感染。患者确诊胸腺瘤前即出现久治不愈的咳嗽症状,考虑此时已有感染。文献亦有健康人患真菌性食管炎的报道[1,6]。可能与长期处于有大量真菌繁殖的环境或水、食品被致病性真菌污染等有关。
真菌性食管炎可发生于任何年龄,以中年人为多,且有年轻化趋势,这可能与基础疾病发病年轻化、年轻人生活习惯不佳等因素有关[7-8]。男性患者比例明显高于女性,其原因可能是男性长期吸烟、酗酒、饮食不规律造成机体免疫力下降,食管黏膜屏障功能受损。
吞咽疼痛、咽下困难、胸骨后烧灼感及咽部异物感是本病的典型临床症状,易引起患者和临床医师的重视,多能得到及时诊断和治疗。但部分患者无明显食管症状,仅以上腹不适、腹痛、消化不良等症状就诊,有些甚至以心悸、发热等为首发或主要表现[9-10]。上述表现缺乏特异性,极易被误诊、漏诊,从而延误治疗时机。日本学者Nishimara等[11]报道了62例诊断有念珠菌性食管炎的HIV感染患者,其中56.5%无任何消化道症状。本例患者入院后并未考虑合并真菌性食管炎的诊断。分析其原因可能是:1)以咳嗽为主要表现的真菌性食管炎,国内目前尚未见报道,咳嗽可能由致病性真菌刺激食管以外的组织,如喉咽部黏膜引起;2)咳嗽、咳痰是肺部感染的常见症状,患者入院时CT提示肺部炎症,结合患者发热及相关化验结果,临床医师往往仅考虑为肺部感染,加之本例患者无任何其他相关食管症状,故极易忽略真菌性食管炎。我们认为,免疫功能受损的患者出现顽固性咳嗽时,应首先寻找引起咳嗽的常见病因,如肺炎、结核、肺部肿瘤等。若经治疗后症状无缓解甚至恶化者,则需警惕是否存在真菌性食管炎或支气管结核,进一步行胃镜、支气管镜等检查以明确诊断。
胃镜检查是诊断该病最准确的方法,并能判断其严重程度和有无并发症,如镜下发现食管黏膜有白色斑块附着,不论其范围大小,均应考虑真菌感染的可能,尽早做刷检或活检病理学观察。根据Kodsi意见,按食管黏膜受损程度,将内镜下真菌性食管炎分为4级:Ⅰ级:黏膜少许白色斑块凸起,直径<2 mm,黏膜无充血、水肿或溃疡;Ⅱ级:食管黏膜多发白色斑块附着,凸起直径>2 mm,伴充血、水肿,无溃疡;Ⅲ级:斑块融合,呈线状和结节样凸起,黏膜充血、水肿,可见溃疡;Ⅳ级:Ⅲ级表现加黏膜易脆,有时伴管腔狭窄。本例病变累计食管全长,可见多发奶酪样白色斑块,伴周边黏膜充血,故属于Ⅱ级。有学者认为,对于早期病变细胞刷试物涂片比活检更有价值,其原因是早期真菌只局限于食管黏膜浅层,直接涂片阳性率高,而活检标本在制作过程中易被冲洗掉而得到假阴性结果[7]。活检主要用于与其他原因引起的食管炎和其他食管病变(如食管癌等)作鉴别诊断。值得注意的是,食管真菌感染可与食管癌并存,故对真菌性食管炎胃镜检查定为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级的患者有必要取活检以及时发现早期癌变,尤其是在食管癌高发区,需重视其治疗和随访。
真菌性食管炎治疗的第一步是尽可能去除发病诱因,如停用抗生素、激素或与此相关的其他药物,同时积极治疗原发病。氟康唑对免疫功能正常或受损的念珠菌感染疗效肯定,其口服吸收良好,静脉给药更加有效,且不良反应发生率低。本例患者采用氟康唑静滴治疗方案,考虑发病与机体免疫功能低下有关,同时辅以提高免疫力药物,2周后咳嗽明显缓解,且未发生明显不良反应,复查胃镜示食管黏膜恢复正常。结合本例成功治疗病例我们体会到,应用氟康唑方法简便、疗程短、安全性高,是治疗念珠菌性食管炎较为理想的药物。然而,随着唑类药物的广泛应用,念珠菌对该类药物的耐药性也逐渐增强。国外研究数据结果显示,氟康唑耐药率达14.7%[12]。制霉菌素是临床上沿用多年且疗效肯定的抗真菌药物。国内学者朱芳明[13]对124例念珠菌性食管炎患者的治疗进行了对比分析,其中制霉菌素治疗总有效率为96.77%,与氟康唑(总有效率为95.16%)具有相似的疗效,且价格相对便宜,故从治疗费用角度,制霉菌素亦是理想的选择。
综上所述,以顽固性剧烈咳嗽为主要表现的真菌性食管炎临床罕见,极易漏诊,胃镜检查是诊断本病的首选方法,氟康唑等抗真菌药物治疗安全、高效,值得临床进一步推广应用。
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Fungal esophagitis with intractable severe cough as the main manifestation: A case report and literature review
ZHANG Mingyue, AO Ting, SUN Junping, WANG Jianxin
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
WANG Jianxin. Email: wangjx301@126.com
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic methods of fungal esophagitis with intractable severe cough as the main manifestation.MethodsOne case diagnosed with fungal esophagitis in our hospital was reported. The clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment of the patient were retrospectively analyzed and its related literatures were reviewed.ResultsThe patient was a 36-year-old female. Her main symptoms were persistent severe cough, expectoration with intermittent fever for 7 months. With the ineffectiveness of antibiotics, antitussives and expectorants, the patient was transferred to our department. The temperature was 37.8℃. Pulmonary CT scan showed inflammatory pathological changes in the left lower lobe, and a few moist crackles were audible in the same place. The patient was diagnosed with lung infection in clinic, and then treated with levofloxacin, Tazocin to anti-infection combined with antitussives and expectorants, inhaled corticosteroid to anti-inflammatory, traditional Chinese medicine and so on. Pulmonary inflammatory lesion was absorbed and temperature became normal after careful treatments, but the symptom of severe cough was still not improved. Then the patient underwent gastroscopy and was diagnosed with candida esophagitis. The patient was treated with fluconazole to antifungal with stopping using of antibiotics and glucocorticoid at the same time. After two weeks, the symptom of cough improved obviously, and follow-up gastroscopy showed normal esophageal mucosa.ConclusionFungal esophagitis with intractable severe cough as the main symptom is easily misdiagnosed or missed in clinical practice. The early definite diagnosis depends on gastroscopy. Antifungal agents such as Fluconazole via peripheral intravenous route are safe and efficient choices.
fungal esophagitis; cough; fluconazole
R 571
A
2095-5227(2015)03-0276-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.03.020
时间:2014-12-10 09:17
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20141210.0917.004.html
2014-09-05
张明月,女,硕士。研究方向:急性肺损伤发病机制。Email: tracy_6528@126.com
汪建新,男,主任医师,教授,博士生导师。Email: wangjx301@126.com