常温体外循环技术的利与弊:系统综述和meta分析
2015-03-12熊瑶瑶孙燕华吴斯杰吉冰洋
熊瑶瑶,孙燕华,吴斯杰,吉冰洋
常温体外循环技术的利与弊:系统综述和meta分析
熊瑶瑶,孙燕华,吴斯杰,吉冰洋
[摘要]:目的 通过检索临床随机对照(RCT)文章进行Meta分析,比较常温体外循环与低温体外循环,以期寻找常温体外循环的优势与缺点。方法 检索Pubmed,Embase和Cochrane图书馆,检索时间截止至2013年9月28日。符合要求的文章为,随机将成人心脏手术患者分配至常温体外循环组与低温体外循环组的英文文章。使用随机效应模型,计算相对危险度(RR)及95%可信区间来评价二分类变量,计算加权均数差(WMD)或标准均数差(SMD)及其相应的95%可信区间来评价连续性变量。I2检验来评价异质性。当不存在异质性时(即I2=0)使用固定效应模型。主要的临床终点为全因死亡率及脑血管意外。结果 初查结果3 910篇文章,最终纳入文献为27篇,9 298例患者。全因死亡率,常温组降低,且有统计学意义(RR 0.66,95%CI 0.49-0.90;P=0.009;I2=0)。常温组脑血管意外发生率升高,结果有统计学意义(RR 1.83,95%CI 1.21-2.77;P =0.004;I2=0)。结论 常温体外循环技术成人体外循环的全因死亡率低,但是脑血管意外发生率会增高。常温体外循环技术可以适用于一些成人心脏手术,但同时脑保护显得更加重要。
[关键词]:体外循环;常温;低温
作者单位:410000长沙,中南大学湘雅二医院心胸外科体外循环专科(熊瑶瑶),心胸外科(吴斯杰);100037北京,阜外心血管病医院体外循环科(熊瑶瑶、孙燕华、吉冰洋)
Meta analysis of benefits and risks between normothermia and hypothermia in cardiopulmonary bypass in adult
Xiong Yao-yao,Sun Yan-hua,Wu Si-jie,Ji Bing-yang
Department of Cardiopulmonary Bypass,The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University,ChangSha 410000,China
Corresponding author:Ji Bing-yang,Email:dr.ji.cpb@gmail.com
[Abstract]:Objective The controversy over the benefits between normothermia and hypothermia in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)is still uncertain.The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the benefits and risks of normother⁃mia compared with hypothermia in patients who underwent CPB in randomized controlled trials(RCTs).Methods We searched Pubmed,Embase,and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trialsup to September 28,2013 for studies reported in English.Eli⁃gible studies were those in which investigators enrolled adult patients who had cardiac surgery and randomised them to normothermic or hypothermic CPB.We prespecified the use of random-effects models to calculate risk ratios(RR)and 95%CIs for binary variables,weighted mean difference(WMD)or standard mean difference(SMD)and 95%CIs for continuous variables.We assessed heterogene⁃ity using I2.When heterogeneity was absent(I2=0%),we used fixed-effects models.The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and cerebrovascular accident(CVA)in patients who had cardiac surgery in normothermic CPB compared with those in hypothermic CPB.Results The initial search strategy identified 3910 citations,of which 27 trials were eligible.These 27 trials included 9298 par⁃ticipants.Individuals allocated to normothermic CPB had lower all-cause mortality than those allocated to hypothermic CPB(RR 0.66,95%CI 0.49–0.90;P=0.009;I2=0%;7965 patients,19 trials).But individuals allocated to normothermic CPB had higher CVA than those allocated to hypothermic CPB(RR 1.83,95%CI 1.21-2.77;P=0.004;I2=0%;4182 patients,12 trails).Conclusion Patients in normothermic CPB has lower mortality but higher CVA compared with those in hypothermic CPB.
[Key words]: Cardiopulmonary bypass;Normothermia;Hypothermia
体外循环技术发展伊始,低温技术便被广泛使用。支持低温学说的学者们认为低温可以降低组织器官的代谢率,并且可以减少炎症反应。使用低温技术可以降低转流过程中的泵速,维持术野清晰。一些动物实验[1-2]也证实了低温在体外循环中确有脏器保护作用。同时,低温亦是一把双刃剑:低温会破坏细胞内的葡萄糖稳态,破坏细胞膜的稳定性,对ATP的产生及利用造成障碍,低温还可以导致严重的凝血功能紊乱。
近年来,常温体外循环技术逐渐被人们所认可。Naylor,CD[3]首次提出并验证了常温体外循环的安全性及有效性。Lenkin,AI[4]指出在常温体外循环过程中虽然中心静脉血氧饱和度有所下降,但是脑组织的氧合却有增加。
1 资料与方法
1.1 数据库检索 检索了Pubmed,Embase,Co⁃chrane图书馆。检索词包括:“low temperature”,“hy⁃pothermic”,“hypothermia”,“tepid”,“cold”,“nor⁃mal temperature”,“normal thermic”,“normothermic”,“normothermia”,“cardiopulmonary bypass”,“extra⁃corporeal circulation”,“CPB”,“ECC”,“coronary surgery”,“coronary bypass”,“coronary shunt”“coro⁃nary graft”,“valve replacement”,“valve repair”,“valve surgery”,“heart arrest induced”,“heart surgery”,“cardiac surgery”。查找相关文章的引用文献,亦从会议摘要及个人档案中检索相关的内容。检索语言限定为英文,检索时间截止至2013年9月28日。
1.2 文献选择 针对临床随机对照实验(random⁃ized clinical trial,RCT)进行的meta分析。常温组患者的核心温度>34℃,低温组患者温度≤34℃,仅将两温度组患者进行比较,且样本量大于100例的RCT文章纳入。比较不同心肌保护液的温度,但是排除患者核心温度相同的文章、含有不停跳体外循环方式或停循环手术方式的文章。两位作者根据检索方案分别独立的检索筛选符合要求的文献。当意见不一致时,如协商后无法确定,交予第三位作者决定。
1.3 数据提取与质量评价 两位作者分别独立的完成数据提取工作,提取数据包括文章的一般情况(首字缩写,发表年限等),纳入排除标准,入选患者的统计数据以及心血管危险评级,干预措施及临床终点(全因死亡率、脑血管意外、非致死性心肌梗死、体外循环过程中的平均动脉压、体外循环转流时间、阻断时间、术后呼吸机通气时间、ICU停留时间、住院时间,伤口感染发生率、房颤发生率及各种原因的再次开胸)。RCT质量评价包括:盲法的使用,分配方案隐藏,迭代目标转换因子分析(iterative target transformati,ITT)方案,随访等。
1.4 数据分析 使用Stata 12.0对各临床终点进行meta分析。二分类变量使用相对危险度(relative risk,RR)及其相应的95%可信区间来评价,连续型变量当数据单位相同时,使用加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)及其相应的95%可信区间评价,当数据单位不相同时,使用标准均数差(stand⁃ardized mean difference,SMD)及其相应的95%可信区间来评价。当文章中常温或者低温分组有多组时,则根据Cochrane手册的指导将各组数据合并为可比较的常温组与低温组。使用I2检验来评价数据的异质性,并根据I2的大小将异质性分为低异质性,中异质性及高异质性。当数据存在异质性时,使用随机效应模型,当不存在异质性时,使用固定效应模型。当数据显示高异质性时,进行meta回归分析,当一个协变量可以显著降低异质性时,认为该协变量为异质性来源,并根据该协变量,再将数据进行亚组分析。使用Egger’s和Begg’s检验[5]进行分析,绘制漏斗图,来评价文章的发表偏倚。当漏斗图显示文章存在发表偏倚时,使用减补法,来确定发表偏倚的存在。统计检验为双侧检验,显著性水平为0.05。最后,进行累积meta分析,以显示随着时间的变化,变量结果的变化[6]。
2 结 果
全因死亡率、体外循环时间、术后呼吸机通气时间三个临床终点结果具有统计学意义。常温体外循环能减少患者的全因死亡率,缩短体外循环时间及通气时间。而伤口感染率、房颤发生率、术后非致死性心肌梗死发生率、阻断时间、体外循环过程中的平均动脉压以及各种原因的再次开胸结果均无统计学意义。
2.1 文献 初次检索后入选的文献为3 910篇,查重(878篇)后剩余3 032篇文章,通过标题和摘要进行筛除(2 884篇)后剩余147篇,再通过全文文献筛查(56篇样本量<100、5篇无临床终点、9篇核心温度相同、12篇非英文文章、10篇小儿文章、29篇不符合RCT要求),最终纳入27篇[3,7-32]符合纳入标准的RCT文章。包括来自8个国家的9 298例病例。27篇文章中1篇文章的200例为行冠状动脉旁路移植或者瓣膜置换手术,其余26篇文章中的9 098例均行冠状动脉旁路移植手术。
2.2 Meta回归及亚组分析 临床终点常温组与低温组的比较见表1。当结果异质性偏高(I2≥75%)时,进行meta回归,寻找异质性来源。但是笔者没有成功的找到异质性来源,故未进行亚组分析。
2.3 累积分析及发表偏倚 累积分析显示全因死亡率的统计结果稳定。评价发表偏倚,使用Egger's和Begg’s检验,并绘制漏斗图,结合使用减补法。并未发现发表偏倚。
表1 常温组与低温组的临床终点比较
3 讨 论
早在上世纪50年代,有学者[33]就低温在体外循环中的应用提出了很多有利的证据,如降低氧耗,降低细胞代谢率等。但随着体外循环在心脏手术中的广泛应用,低温的副作用亦越来越受关注[4]。低温虽然可以降低细胞的代谢率,但是同时低温使氧合曲线左移,降低了血红蛋白的携氧能力,体外循环过程中的血液稀释也降低了血液的携氧能力,致使患者整体的氧输送能力下降[34]。低温体外循环的另一个不良作用就是术后的低体温,患者寒颤会减少心肌的糖储备并且增加氧耗,低温还会增加出血量及输血量[10,18,35-36],低温会导致不可逆的血小板功能障碍,破坏白细胞及T细胞的功能[37]。而常温体外循环则可以避免这些副作用,目前已渐渐的被心外科医生和体外循环医生接受。常温体外循环除了可以避免低温体外循环的各种副作用外,同时也可避免体外循环过程中人为过度复温的发生。由于在人为复温的过程中,水温常常设置过高,而鼻咽温并不能准确的代表中枢神经系统的温度,从而导致在复温过程中中枢神经系统常常处于高热状态,从而产生脑损伤[9,38-40]。虽然以上的结果都显示常温体外循环更适合应用于成人心脏手术中,但是笔者的分析却得到了一个令人意外的结果:常温体外循环组的脑血管意外发生率较低温组明显增高。低温确实可以起到脑保护作用,已有研究[9,20]证实了这一点。低温可以降低脑组织代谢,减少能量底物与氧的消耗,从而增加了细胞对于由流量减少及氧供降低而导致的低氧的耐受性,同时,低温亦可以抑制谷氨酸的释放,减少多巴胺的释放,谷氨酸和多巴胺可以扩大细胞功能失调后的缺血性损伤。低温可减少钙内流,降低蛋白激酶C的活性,可以促进蛋白修复,减少活性氧形成,抑制一氧化氮合酶活性及自动去极化。有研究表明常温体外循环可增加脑血管意外的发生率[20,41],而手术过程中的栓子被认为是最主要原因,笔者的分析结果也表明低温体外循环对中枢神经系统有保护作用。
常温体外循环可以降低患者的全因死亡率,被认为适用于成人患者的体外循环手术。同时笔者的分析结果也发现常温体外循环增加了患者术后脑血管意外的发病率。根据此篇综述的结果,常温体外循环适用于成人体外循环手术,但也不能一概而论用于所有的体外循环手术。在使用常温体外循环方法时,患者的脑保护应予以足够的重视。还需要多中心大样本的临床随机对照实验结果来探寻体外循环的适宜温度。
参考文献:
[1]Xue D,Huang ZG,Smith KE,et al.Immediate or delayed mild hypothermia prevents focal cerebral infarction[J].Brain Res,1992,587(1):66-72.
[2]Busto R,Globus MY,Dietrich WD,et al.Effect of mild hypo⁃thermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain.Stroke,1989,20(7):904-910.
[3]No authors listed.Randomised trial of normothermic versus hypot⁃hermic coronary bypass surgery.The Warm Heart Investigators.Lancet,1994,343(8897):559-563.
[4]Lenkin AI,Zaharov VI,Lenkin PI,et al.Normothermic cardiop⁃ulmonary bypass increases cerebral tissue oxygenation during com⁃bined valve surgery:a single-centre,randomized trial.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2013,16(5):595-601.
[5]Begg CB,Mazumdar M.Operating characteristics of a rank corre⁃lation test for publication bias.Biometrics,1994,50(4):1088-1101.
[6]Lau J,Antman EM,Jimenez-Silva J,et al.Cumulative meta-a⁃nalysis of therapeutic trials for myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med,1992,327(4):248-254.
[7]Boodhwani M,Rubens F,Wozny D,et al.Effects of sustained mild hypothermia on neurocognitive function after coronary artery bypass surgery:a randomized,double-blind study.J Thorac Card⁃iovasc Surg,2007,134(6):1443-1450.
[8]Codispoti M,Sundaramoorthi T,Saad RA,et al.Optimal myocar⁃dial protection strategy for coronary artery bypass grafting without cardioplegia:prospective randomised trial.Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2006,5(3):217-221.
[9]Nathan HJ,Parlea L,Dupuis JY,et al.Safety of deliberate intra⁃operative and postoperative hypothermia for patients undergoing coronary artery surgery:a randomized trial.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2004,127(5):1270-1275.
[10]Gaudino M,Zamparelli R,Andreotti F,et al.Normothermia does not improve postoperative hemostasis nor does it reduce inflamma⁃tory activation in patients undergoing primary isolated coronary ar⁃tery bypass.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,123(6):1092-1100.
[11]Nappi G,Torella M,Romano G.Clinical evaluation of normother⁃mic cardiopulmonary bypass and cold cardioplegia.J Cardiovasc Surg(Torino),2002,43(1):31-36.
[12]Grigore AM,Mathew J,Grocott HP,et al.Prospective randomized trial of normothermic versus hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on cognitive function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.An⁃esthesiology,2001,95(5):1110-1119.
[13]Khatri P,Babyak M,Croughwell ND,et al.Temperature during coronary artery bypass surgery affects quality of life.Ann Thorac surg,2001,71(1):110-116.
[14]Swaminathan M,East C,Phillips-Bute B,et al.Report of a sub⁃study on warm versus cold cardiopulmonary bypass:changes in creatinine clearance.Ann Thorac Surg,2001,72(5):1603-1609.
[15]Grimm M,Czerny M,Baumer H,et al.Normothermic cardiopul⁃monary bypass is beneficial for cognitive brain function after coro⁃nary artery bypass grafting--a prospective randomized trial.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2000,18(3):270-275.
[16]Jacquet LM,Noirhomme PH,Van Dyck MJ,et al.Randomized trial of intermittent antegrade warm blood versus cold crystalloid cardioplegia.Ann Thorac Surg,1999,67(2):471-477.
[17]Engelman RM,Pleet AB,Rousou JA,et al.Influence of cardiop⁃ulmonary bypass perfusion temperature on neurologic and hemato⁃logic function after coronary artery bypass grafting.Ann Thorac Surg,1999,67(6):1547-1555.
[18]Birdi I,Regragui I,Izzat MB,et al.Influence of normothermic systemic perfusion during coronary artery bypass operations:a ran⁃domized prospective study.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1997,114(3):475-481.
[19]Thomas JA,Cusimano RJ,Hoffstein V.Is atelectasis following aortocoronary bypass related to temperature?Chest,1997,111 (5):1290-1294.
[20]Mora CT,Henson MB,Weintraub WS,et al.The effect of tem⁃perature management during cardiopulmonary bypass on neurologic and neuropsychologic outcomes in patients undergoing coronary re⁃vascularization.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1996,112(2):514-522.
[21]Kaukoranta P,Lepojarvi M,Nissinen J,et al.Normothermic ver⁃sus mild hypothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia:a prospective,randomized study.Ann Thorac Surg,1995,60(4):1087-1093.
[22]Arom KV,Emery RW,Northrup WR.Warm heart surgery:a pro⁃spective comparison between normothermic and tepid temperature.J Card Surg,1995,10(3):221-226.
[23]Christenson JT,Maurice J,Simonet F,et al.Normothermic ver⁃sus hypothermic perfusion during primary coronary artery bypass grafting.Cardiovasc Surg,1995,3(5):519-524.
[24]Craver JM,Bufkin BL,Weintraub WS,et al.Neurologic events after coronary bypass grafting:further observations with warm car⁃dioplegia.Ann Thorac Surg,1995,59(6):1429-1434.
[25]Maccherini M,Davoli G,Sani G,et al.Warm heart surgery elimi⁃nates diaphragmatic paralysis.J Card Surg,1995,10(3):257-261.
[26]Rashid A,Jackson M,Page RD,et al.Continuous warm versus intermittent cold blood cardioplegia for coronary bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,1995,9(8):405-408.
[27]McLean RF,Wong BI,Naylor CD,et al.Cardiopulmonary by⁃pass,temperature,and central nervous system dysfunction.Circu⁃lation,1994,90(5):I1250-1255.
[28]Martin TD,Craver JM,Gott JP,et al.Prospective,randomized trial of retrograde warm blood cardioplegia:myocardial benefit and neurologic threat.Ann Thorac Surg,1994,57(2):298-302.
[29]Rashid A,Fabri BM,Jackson M,et al.A prospective randomised study of continuous warm versus intermittent cold blood cardio⁃plegia for coronary artery surgery:preliminary report.Eur J Car⁃diothorac Surg,1994,8(5):265-269.
[30]Hoffman D,Fernandes S,Frater RW,et al.Myocardial protection in diffuse coronary artery disease.Intermittent retrograde coldblood cardioplegia at systemic normothermia versus intermittent an⁃tegrade cold-blood cardioplegia at moderate systemic hypothermia.Tex Heart Inst J,1993,20(2):83-88.
[31]Christakis GT,Koch JP,Deemar KA,et al.A randomized study of the systemic effects of warm heart surgery.Ann Thorac Surg,1992,54(3):449-457.
[32]Yau TM,Carson S,Weisel RD,et al.The effect of warm heart surgery on postoperative bleeding.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1992,103(6):1155-1162.
[33]BIGELOW WG,LINDSAY WK,GREENWOOD WF.Hypother⁃mia;its possible role in cardiac surgery:an investigation of factors governing survival in dogs at low body temperatures.Ann Surg,1950,132(5):849-866.
[34]Magovern GJ,Flaherty JT,Gott VL,Bulkley BH,Gardner TJ.Failure of blood cardioplegia to protect myocardium at lower tem⁃peratures.Circulation.1982;66:I60-7.
[35]Mojena GC,Tain J,Paredes AM,et al.A comparison of beating heart and arrested heart techniques for mitral valve replacement surgery.MEDICC Rev,2009,11(1):36-41.
[36]Rasmussen BS,Sollid J,Knudsen L,et al.The release of sys⁃temic inflammatory mediators is independent of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2007,21(2):191-196.
[37]Noback CR,Tinker JH.Hypothermia after cardiopulmonary by⁃pass in man:amelioration by nitroprusside-induced vasodilation during rewarming.Anesthesiology,1980,53(4):277-280.
[38]Grocott HP,Newman MF,Croughwell ND,et al.Continuous jugular venous versus nasopharyngeal temperature monitoring dur⁃ ing hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery.J Clin Anesth,1997,9(4):312-316.
[38]Amir G,Ramamoorthy C,Riemer RK,et al.Deep brain hyper⁃thermia while rewarming from hypothermic circulatory arrest.J Card Surg,2009,24(5):606-610.
[40]Cook DJ,Orszulak TA,Daly RC,et al.Cerebral hyperthermia during cardiopulmonary bypass in adults.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1996,111(1):268-269.
[41]Fakin R,Zimpfer D,Sodeck GH,et al.Influence of temperature management on neurocognitive function in biological aortic valve replacement.A prospective randomized trial.J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino),2012,53(1):107-112.
·教学训练·
修订日期:(2014⁃10⁃23)
收稿日期:(2014⁃09⁃22)
通讯作者:吉冰洋,Email:dr.ji.cpb@gmail.com
基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81300084)