重庆：与亚欧互联互通的探索与实践

□ 文/杨继瑞

●（作者系重庆工商大学成渝经济区城市群产业发展协同创新中心主任、西南财经大学成渝经济区发展研究院院长）

随着“一带一路”战略的逐步深入推进，重庆正在提升我国内陆开放格局。从发展的节奏和现实条件来看，重庆做出了积极地探索与实践，正处于促进亚欧互联互通的关键时期。

一、与亚欧互联互通的探索与实践

（一）重庆外向经济尤其亚欧贸易发展迅猛。当前我国对外贸易形势总体较为严峻，但重庆的对外贸易特别是对欧贸易却迎来较大增长。自2008年以来，以笔记本电脑为代表的电子信息产业稳步发展；海关特殊监管区域开放平台优势持续发挥；产业集聚效应促进出口大幅增长；同时国家政策促进效果明显，各项便捷通关措施助推外贸稳定发展；与新兴市场经贸合作的进一步加深惠及外贸发展。近几年来，重庆依托“渝新欧”中欧国际铁路以及以电子信息产业为代表的出口加工业蓬勃发展，从团结村铁路枢纽出口的货物量逐年提高。2010年团结村中心站发送5万标准集装箱，2013年发送量达到了7.8万箱，累计年增长率达到了70%以上，综合排名位居全国同类铁路枢纽第一，目前“渝新欧”铁路在中国各个城市到欧洲的市场上占了80%的份额，而只有重庆的班列坚持了常态化运行，远远超过其他城市发往欧洲的列车次数，使得重庆对欧贸易进入新局面；寸滩港2012年集装箱吞吐量达到55万箱，2014年超过100万箱，成为长江上游首个集装箱年吞吐量破百万的港口；重庆空港2012年货邮吞吐量为27万吨，2013年达到28.2万吨，2014年则超过了30万吨，其余口岸货物吞吐量也逐年稳步提高，促进了重庆外向型经济的发展。

表一：2008-2012年重庆市前十位进口贸易伙伴贸易额比重

表二：2008-2012年重庆市前十位出口贸易伙伴贸易额比重

从表二、表三中可以看出，重庆的进口贸易伙伴主要集中于东北亚的日本、韩国以及东南亚的马来西亚、泰国、菲律宾、新加坡、越南等，美洲的美国、加拿大、巴西，以及欧洲的德国、法国等；出口贸易伙伴集中分布于北美洲的美国、欧洲的德国、荷兰、法国。亚欧国家所占重庆对外贸易比重逐步增加，说明了重庆在推动中亚、中欧经贸交往中起到作用越来越大，促进了亚欧互联互通。

（二）重庆基础设施逐步完善，为推进亚欧互联互通打下基础。作为开放门户，重庆口岸建设初具规模。目前已建成包括寸滩港水运口岸、团结村铁路口岸、江北机场航空口岸3个一类口岸在内的15个口岸；依托寸滩港的肉类进口口岸、依托江北机场的水果进口口岸和依托团结村铁路枢纽的整车进口口岸三个进口口岸以及寸滩保税港区和西永综合保税区两个保税区；近年来，重庆依托国家战略，交通基础设施条件明显改善，基本构建起以铁路和水运为骨干、公路为基础的集疏运体系，基本形成以空港为中心，集高速公路系统和快速轨道交通于一体的区域性枢纽机场和依托团结村铁路物流基地为中心的多式联运物流枢纽基地；依托国家“五纵五横综合运输大通道”中的包头至广州运输大通道和沪汉渝蓉运输大通道，基本形成以重庆为中心，依托成渝通道、渝兰西亚通道、渝包通道、渝京远东通道、渝汉沪出海通道、渝湘穗出海通道、渝黔桂出海通道、渝滇东南亚通道的8条“米字型”对外综合运输大通道，“二枢纽八通道”的对外交通格局正在加快形成，为进一步推进亚欧互联互通打下了坚实的基础。

表三：重庆口岸分布表（截止2015年3月底）

（三）重庆空间结构逐步合理，促进了各经济要素在推动亚欧互联互通中的协同参与。重庆三大一类进出口口岸相对集中地分布在都市功能拓展区各个方位，通过环线公路有机串联，非常有利于各个口岸之间的顺畅链接和多式联运的发展。同时，重庆还修建了79条铁路专用线路，开通了铁水联运和路企直通，进一步使得重庆内部货运交通变得四通八达；重庆西永、寸滩保税港区以发展跨境电子商务、保税展示交易等为重点，在全国率先实现在保税港区围网范围内开展保税商品展示交易，并率先实现跨境贸易电子商务全流程，已经打造成为了内陆地区的对欧贸易中心；国家已将重庆定位为西南地区的物流中心城市和全国物流节点城市，基本形成了以主城国家级物流枢纽平台为核心，以万州、涪陵、江津等“多节点”重点物流园区为补充的物流体系。“渝新欧”、“渝沪”、“渝深”五定班列常态开行。重庆机场已开通国际（地区）货运航线19条，全货运航线和航班数位居中西部地区第一。 重庆已经形成了优越的水陆空交通运输条件，合理充分的利用了重庆优越的基础设施，优化了城市的空间结构，加深了重庆促进亚欧互联互通开放格局。

（四）重庆产业结构转型升级，主动契合对欧贸易。近几年来，重庆着重在电子信息产业上加大发展力度，积极对接东部产业转移，“无中生有”地进行了电子产业的培育构建，产业结构形成了从原来单一汽摩产业主导到电子信息和汽摩产业协同推进，装备制造、化工医疗、材料科学、能源产业多元并进的产业格局。随着电子信息产业的不断发展，重庆已经成为了亚洲最大的笔电生产基地，欧洲每两台笔记本电脑中就有一台重庆生产。同时为进一步契合对欧贸易，重庆市政府专门依托“渝新欧”中欧铁路大通道起点团结村铁路枢纽规划建设了30平方公里的重庆西部现代物流园区进行配套，园区内设置了多式联运区、铁路保税区、加工配套区等10大功能区，发展欧洲商品展销、国际市场专业加工等。重庆建设长江上游金融中心地位已经初显，区域结算和定价功能、金融竞争力和辐射力不断增强。2014年，金融业占GDP比重达到8.6%。海外上市企业增至40家，OTC挂牌企业突破100家，各类金融机构总数已超过1000家，金融已成为重要的支柱产业。重庆农村土地交易所、联合产权交易所等七家非传统金融机构不断开展金融创新，已初具规模效益，成为区域重要的要素市场。当前重庆正进一步推进产业转型升级，大力发展贸易、仓储物流、保税加工以及对欧贸易配套的金融、中介、电子商务等现代服务业，以产业结构转型升级促进对欧贸易，以对欧贸易加快产业转型升级，增强了产业外向型程度和国际竞争力，促进亚欧互联互通。

二、加大亚欧互联互通的思考与建议

重庆作为内陆城市，已在推动亚欧互联互通中起到了重要支点作用，改变了重庆对外开放的格局。但同时，相关要素、体制和服务配套水平较低还制约着重庆拓展其作用范围。要进一步推进亚欧互联互通，需要政府、企业、社会等各方十大关键要素集成与协同，以此来突破和解决互联互通进程中的诸多难题。

（一）政府主导。重庆市政府在当前“新常态”背景下，应明确开放规模与开放效益相一致的政府行为理念，要用国家“一带一路”战略意识审视重庆建设内陆开放高地目标，增强政府行为有效性。

（二）企业主动转型。企业应主动调整进出口商品结构，推动加工贸易转型升级，由简单加工向深加工、精加工、高端加工转变，进入到由量变到质变层面。

（三）资源优化配置。重庆应着力消除制约经济快速健康发展的体制机制障碍，强调市场在资源配置中的地位。

（四）基础设施完善。着重以铁路、水运网络为主，优化港口、铁路、航空的多式联运体系，在果园港、万州港和涪陵港推进铁路进港工程；开展一级公路口岸建设，建设辐射四川、陕西、贵州的公路口岸，全面形成江海联运、路水联运、水水中转的物流新格局；加强重庆空港建设，做大做强重庆空运市场，提高周边省市在重庆空港转运货物的比重；在进一步完善“渝新欧“中欧运输大通道基础上，开展出海国际物流大通道论证，打通重庆-昆明-东南亚铁路出海通道，与长江黄金航道和“渝新欧”铁路形成完整的物流通道体系。

（五）产业结构优化。夯实支柱产业和优势产业，重点抓好汽摩、电子信息、医药、装备等产业。

（六）现代服务业配套。重庆现代服务业应着眼于增强重庆拉动区域经济发展的服务功能和辐射功能，把金融、信息咨询、商贸作为重点，坚持大流通、大市场、大贸易战略；加快培育完善证券、基金等资本市场。

另外，还要注重外资合理利用、税费补贴杠杆撬动、互联网融合及职业人才的培养等。

With the gradually deepening of the strategy of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21stCentury Maritime Silk Road,Chongqing is advancing the inland open pattern.From the development rhythm and realistic conditions,Chongqing has made active exploration and practice.Now it is entering into the critical period of promoting the connectivity and interworking of Asia and Europe.

Ⅰ.Exploration and Practice of Connectivity and Interworking with Asia and Europe

(Ⅰ) Chongqing’s foreign-oriented economy,especially trade with Asia and Europe,is developing rapidly.Currently,the overall situation of China’s foreign trade is severe,while Chongqing’s foreign trade,especially its trade with Europe,witnesses a great increase.Since 2008,Chongqing’s electronic information industry,represented by notebook computer,developed stably.The advantage of customs special supervision area open platform continued to plays an important role.The industrial agglomeration effect boosted the substantial increase of export.At the same time,the national policy’s promoting effect is evident.Various convenient customs clearance measures pushed forward the stable development of foreign trade.The further deepening economic and trade cooperation with rising economies also benefited foreign trade development.In recent years,based on the “Chongqing-Xiangjiang-Europe”Sino-Europe international railway and the flourish development of export processing industry represented by electronic information industry,the export goods from Tuanjiecun Railway Hub increased year by year.In 2010,50,000 standard containers were transported abroad from Tuanjiecun Railway Station.In 2013 the amount reached 78,000 containers,with an annually increase rate over 70%,which ranks first among the nationwide railway hubs of the same kind.At present,in terms of Chinese cities’routes reaching European market,the “Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe”Railway accounts for a share of 80%.But,only Chongqing’s trains kept normal operation,which far exceeds all other cities’trains to Europe.This ensures Chongqing’s trade with Europe entering into a new situation.In 2012,Cun Tan Port’s container throughput reached 550,000 containers.In 2014,it surpassed 1million containers.As a result,Chongqing became the first port with container handling capacity over 1million.In 2012,Chongqing airport’s cargo throughput was 270,000 tons.In 2013,it reached 282,000 tons and exceeded 300,000 tons in 2014.Other ports’cargo throughput also saw stable increase year by year.All of these together propelled Chongqing’s foreign trade development.

From Table2 and Table3,we can see that Chongqing’s import trade partners are mainly Japan and Korea from Northeast Asia;Malaysia,Thailand,Philippines,Singapore and Vietnam from Southeast Asia;USA,Canada,Brazil from America;and Germany,Netherlands and France from Europe.Its export trade partners mainly are USA,Germany,Netherlands and France.The proportion of countries from Asia and Europe in Chongqing’s foreign trade is gradually increasing.This shows that Chongqing is playing a greater role in promoting Sino-Asia and Sino-Europe trade exchanges,and has boosted Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

Table1 : Trade Volume Proportion of Chongqing’s Top 10 Import Trade Partner,2008-12

Table2 : Trade Volume Proportion of Chongqing’s Top 10 Export Trade Partner,2008-12

(Ⅱ) Chongqing’s gradually improved infrastructure lays a foundation for promoting Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.As an open door,Chongqing’s port construction is beginning to take shape.Currently,it has fifteen ports including three Level-1 ports,namely,Cun Tan Waterway Port,Tuanjiecun Railway Port and Jiangbei International Airport.Its three import ports are meat importing port based on Cun Tan Port,fruit importing port based on Jiangbei International Airport,vehicle importing port based on Tuanjiecun Railway Hub.Its two bonded zone are Cun Tan Free Trade Port Area and Xiyong Comprehensive Bonded Zone.In recent years,based on national strategy,Chongqing’s transportation infrastructure improved remarkably.It has established collecting and dispatching system with railway and waterway as its backbone and highway as its basis.It has formed regional airport hub integrating highway system and rail rapid transit network,and a multimodal transport logistics base centering on Tuanjiecun Railway Logistics Base.Based on Baotou-Guangzhou Transport Channel and Shanghai-Wuhan-Chongqing-Chengdu Transport Channel from state “Five Longitudinal and Horizontal Integrated Transport Channel”,it formed eight comprehensive transport channels with Chongqing as its center.The eight channels are Chengdu-Chongqing Channel,Chongqing-Lanzhou West Asia Channel,Chongqing-Baotou Channel,Chongqing-Beijing Far East Channel,Chongqing-Wuhan-Shanghai Channel,Chongqing-Hunan-Guangzhou Channel,Chongqing-Guizhou-Guangxi Channel and Chongqing-Yunnan Southeast Asia Channel.The external traffic pattern of “Two Hubs and Eight Channels”is gradually taking shape,and this will be a solid foundation for further promoting the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

(Ⅲ) Chongqing’s improving spatial structure facilitates the coordinative participation of various economic factors in promoting the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.Chongqing’s three Level-1 import and export ports concentrate at different directions of urban function expansion area.The three ports connect with each other through loop highways,which facilitate the smooth link among those three ports and the development of multimodal transport.Besides,Chongqing has established 79 railway lines;also it has opened up railwayriver combined transport and road-enterprise directional line.This forms Chongqing’s convenient internal freight transport.Chongqing’s Xiyong Bonded Zone and Cun Tan Free Trade Port Area center on developing cross-border e-business and bonded exhibition transaction.It becomes the first port that realizes bonded commodity exhibition transaction and whole process cross-border e-business trade in the bonded area.So it has become an inland Sino-Europe trade center.Now,Chongqing has been positioned as a logistics center in Southwest China and a national logistics node city.In this way,Chongqing has formed a logistics system with the statelevel logistics hub platform as its core and the “multi-node”key logistics park like Wanzhou,Fuling and Jiangjin as its supplements.The “Five scheduled”trains from “Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe”Railway,“Chongqing-Shanghai”Railway and “Chongqing-Shenzhen”Railway maintains in normal operation.Chongqing’s airport has opened 19 international (regional) freight lines.Chongqing’s all freight lines and flight number rank first in Chinese central and western regions.Chongqing has formed advantageous water-land-air transport conditions and made fully use of its superior infrastructure reasonably.This optimized its special structure and deepened Chongqing’s open pattern in promoting the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

(Ⅳ) Chongqing transforms and upgrades its industrial structure to take the initiative to fit Europe-oriented trade.In recent years,Chongqing paid more attention on the development of electronic information industry,and actively kept in line with industry transfer from eastern region.It cultivated electronic industry from scratch.Its industrial structure advanced from a single dominated automobile and motorcycle industry to a coordinated development of electronic information and automobile and motorcycle industry.Consequently,a diverse industrial pattern that involves the common development of equipment manufacturing,chemical industry,medicine,material science and energy industry was formed.At the same time,in order to further keep in line with the trade with Europe,Chongqing government planned and constructed the Chongqing Western Modern Logistics Park,with an area of 30 square km,based on the Tuanjiecun Railway Hub.In the park,ten functional zones were set,mainly including Multimodal Transport Area,Railway Bonded Area,Processing and Supporting Area.The park mainly focuses on European commodity sales exhibition and international market oriented specialty processing.Chongqing has built itself as a financial center in the upper reaches of Yangtze River,and has strengthened its regional settlement and pricing function,financial competitiveness and influence.In 2014,financial industry’s proportion in GDP reached 8.6%;overseas listed companies increased to 40;OTC listed companies surpassed 100;all kinds of financial institutions have exceeded 1000.As a result,financial industry has become a pillar industry of Chongqing.Seven nontraditional financial institutions including Chongqing Rural Land Exchange and United Assets and Equity Exchange gradually carried out financial innovation.Now,its scale benefit has taken shape and it has become an important regional factor market.At present,Chongqing is carrying forward industrial transformation and upgrading and striving to develop trade,storage and logistics,bonded processing and supporting modern service industry fit for trade with Europe,such as finance,intermediary service,and e-business.Through mutual promotion of industrial transformation and upgrading and the trade with Europe,Chongqing enhanced its export-oriented industry and its international competitiveness.Accordingly,this promotes the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking.

Table3 ：Chongqing Ports’Distribution List (by the end of March 2015)

Ⅱ.Consideration and Suggestion about Strengthening Connectivity and Interworking with Asia and Europe

As an inland city,Chongqing has played a key leverage role and changed its opening-up pattern.However,at the same time,related factors,systems and low service supporting level still limit Chongqing expanding its influence.Further promote the Asia-Europe connectivity and interworking needs the integration and coordination of ten key factors like government,enterprise,society and so on.By this way,the problems appeared in the process will be solved and make a breakthrough.

(Ⅰ) Government Domination.Under the context of “new normalcy”,Chongqing government should make clear and definite behavioral idea that ensure the open scale is consistent with its benefit,and review Chongqing’s goal of building inland opening-up heights based on the national strategic concept of “Silk Road Economic Belt”and “21th century Maritime Silk Road”so as to increase governmental behaviors’effectiveness.

(Ⅱ) Enterprises’Active Transformation.Enterprises should actively adjust the structure of imports and exports,and propel the transformation and upgrading of processing trade,namely,from simple processing to deepening processing,fine processing and high-end processing,and enter into a level from quantitative change to qualitative change.

(Ⅲ) Optimum Allocation of Resources.Chongqing should make efforts to remove system and mechanism barriers that constrain the healthy development of economy,and emphasis market’s leading role in resources allocation.

(Ⅳ) Infrastructure Improvement.Give priority to railway and waterway networks and optimize the multimodal transport system including port,railway and airway.Promote railway arrival project at Guoyuan Port,Wanzhou Port and Fuling Port.Construct high level road port which can reach Sichuan,Shaanxi,and Guizhou.Thus comprehensively form a new logistics pattern involving river-ocean combined transportation,road-river combined transportation and water-water transfer.Strengthen the construction of Chongqing’s airport and expand Chongqing’s air transport market,and increase the proportion of cargo transshipment at Chongqing airport from near provinces and cities.On the basis of further improving the great “Chongqing-Xingjiang-Europe”Sino-Europe transport channel,demonstrate the overseas great international logistics channel with an aim to open up the Chongqing-Kunming-Southeast Asia railway channel access to the sea.Therefore,it will form a complete logistics channel system together with Yangtze River Golden Channel and “Chongqing-Xingjiang-Europe”Railway.

(Ⅴ)Industrial Structure Optimization.Consolidate the pillar industry and competitive industries,and focus on automobile and motorcycle,electronic information,medicine and equipment industry.

(Ⅵ) Supporting Modern Service Industry.Chongqing’s modern service industry should focus on strengthening Chongqing’s service and radiation function for boosting regional economic development.Take finance,information consultation,business and trade as its key point.Adhere to the strategy of great channel,big market and big trade.Cultivate and improve capital market like securities and funds.

Besides,reasonable usage of foreign investment,tax subsidies leverage,internet integration and the cultivation of professional talents should also be given enough attention.