The New Changes in Rural Labor Transfer Mode under New Urbanization：Based on the Survey of 10 Villages in Guizhou Province

Zhuping ZHANG，Zongjian WU，Zhongyong YUAN，Wen SUN

1.Guizhou University of Finance＆Economics，Guiyang 550004，China；2.Guizhou Provincial Commission on Agriculture，Guiyang 550001，China；3.Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Guiyang 550006，China

1 Introduction

With the acceleration of industrialization，urbanization and agriculturalmodernization，Guizhou Province has increased investment and made great effort in inviting and attracting outside investment to boost the economic development.Affected by accelerated development of industrialization，there is a huge demand for labor，which drivesmultitudinous ruralworkers to go to cities for employment.There are great differences in incomes from working outside and local agricultural production，producing a tremendous impetus to working outside.Under the combined forces，a large number of rural labor forces in Guizhou Province choose to go out towork.In this context，based on 10 fixed observation villages in Guizhou Province，we conduct a survey of rural labor transfer in 2013.With rural households as the object of survey，80 questionnaires were distributed in each village，a total of800 questionnaires，and 800 valid questionnaires were recovered.The survey is mainly about basic situation ofmigrantworkers，working place，occupation，employment path，employment days，and income.

2 Basic situation of the rural households surveyed

2.1 Population and incomeAs can be seen from Table1，we conduct survey of10 villages，and 80 questionnaires are distributed to each village.There are a total of 800 questionnaires and eventually 800 valid questionnaires are returned.From the valid questionnaires，the household population averages4.19 for 10 villages；there are 6 villages with household population above this average（Shuidong，Pingchu，Xiaochangba，Dengta，Changqing and Zhenjiang）；the household population for the remaining four villages is lower than the average.In termsof the numberof family members，it is largest in Changqing（4.73），followed by Xiaochangba（4.60），and it is smallest in Baobaozhai（3.46）and Jiangxi（3.68）.In terms of the family labor，it averages 2.85 among 10 villages，and there are 6 villages with value above the average（Shuidong 3.09；Xiaochangba 2.95；Chujiashan 2.94；Changqing 2.94；Mairang 3.84；Zhenjiang 2.91）；the family labor for the remaining 4 villages is below the average，and the number is smallest for Baobaozhai（1.99），only 64.40%of that of Shuidong（3.09）.In terms of the proportion of family labor number to household population，it averages68.02%for 10 villages.3 villages（Mairang 93.60%；Chujiashan 75.56%；Shuidong 71.86%）have the highest proportion while three 3 have the lowest proportion（Baobaozhai57.40%；Pingchu 59.84%；Changqing 62.17%），indicating that for the 3 villageswith the lowest proportion，at least about 40%of people are the dependant.For the 10 villages，about33%of people are also the dependant and become a burden on society，which is not conducive to economic development.In terms of family income in descending order（Table 1），top 5 villages are Dengta（88129.44 yuan），Chujiashan（49756.98），Changqing（47983.00），Xiaochangba（46734.41 yuan），and Shuidong（43303.76 yuan）.The villagewith the lowest family income is Zhenjiang（only 28502.66 yuan），and there is a large difference in the family income between villages.For the 10 villages，the average family income is45563.72 yuan.In terms of per capita net income（Table 1），it is highest in Dengta（20675.53 yuan），followed by Chujiashan（12799.22 yuan）and Mairang（10684.40 yuan），and it is lowest in Zhenjiang（6667.29 yuan）.For the 10 villages，the average per capita income is 10805.63 yuan，and the villages below this level include Pingchu（6740.43 yuan），Jiangxi（8351.05 yuan）and Zhenjiang（6667.29 yuan），and the remaining 7 villages is close to or higher than this level.

Table 1 Household population and fam ily income（2013）

2.2 The land owned by the surveyed householdsWe conduct a survey of land owned and transferred by rural households.In termsof the land owned by ruralhouseholds（Table2），itaverages 3.06 mu per household for the 10 villages；it is highest in Pingchu（4.45 mu per household），followed by Shuidong（4.29 mu per household），and Xiaochangba（3.83 mu per household）；it is lowest in Chujiashan（1.68 mu per household） and Baobaozhai（1.12mu per household）.In terms of the amount of land owned per capita，it averages0.73 mu for the 10 villages，it is highest in Shuidong（1.00 mu），and it is lowest in Baobaozhai（0.32 mu）.Such land owning amount per capita is difficult to maintain the livelihood of farmers in Guizhou，which is an important reason for rural labor'sworking outside hometown in Guizhou.In terms of the land transfer（Table 2），the land was transferred by 127 rural households among 800 surveyed rural households in 2003，accounting for 15.88% （2 households in Shuidong；29 households in Xiaochangba；21 households in Jiangxi；2 households in Chujiashan；2 households in Dengta；20 households in Changqing；27 households in Baobaozhai；19 households in Mairang；5 households in Zhenjiang；0 household in Pingchu）.In terms of land transfer amount，130.3mu of land is transferred into the 10 villages，and 182.7 mu of land is transferred out of the 10 villages，a total of 313 mu，accounting for 12.79%of the land owned by households in 10 villages，indicating that rural households'use of land is still relatively stable，and the rural economy is not very active in Guizhou.

Table 2 The land owned by rural households

3 The overall situation of working outside in 2013

Among the 800 families surveyed，663 families havemigrantworkers（Table 3），accounting for 82.88%of total families surveyed.There are 6 villageswith the proportion of number of families havingmigrantworkers to total number of families surveyedmore than 80% （Shuidong 100%；Jiangxi 100%；Dengta 96.25%；Xiaochangba 93.75%；Pingchu 87.50%；Chujiashan 85.00%）.The proportion is lowest in Mairang（62.86%），indicating that such high proportion ofmigrantworker families is not the problem of rural surplus labor，and it is caused by the gap between farming income and income from working outside.There are 1463 migrant workers in the 10 villages，accounting for 43.68%of people from the families surveyed，and 64.22%of labor from the families surveyed，suggesting thatmost of rural labor forceswork outside the home.There are great differences between villages，and in terms of the proportion of number ofmigrantworkers to number of family labor，it reaches 100%in Dengta，96.76%in Shuidong，77.12%in Xiaochangba，and 69.79%in Chujiashan，and it is lowest in Changqing（37.45%）and Mairang（29.64%）.This shows that affected by rural transportation environment，geographical location，climatic conditions，natural resources and social environment in Guizhou Province，it leads to the differencesbetween villages.

4 Survey ofm igrant workers in Guizhou Province

4.1 Gender，age，marriage and education level of m igrant workersFor the 1463 migrantworkers（Table 4），the ratio of male to femaleworkers is6：4，and there are some differences in the ratio between villages.The ratio is high in Baobaozhai（7.4：2.6）and Zhenjiang（6.4：3.6），and low in Dengta（5.3：4.7）and Shuidong（5.5：4.5）.This shows that themalemigrantworker is themajor force，but women also account for a considerable proportion，which is necessary formarital stability of rural households.In terms of the migrant workers'age（Table 4），the age structure is as follows：21－30 years（33.36%）；31－40 years（20.36%）；41－50 years（20.36%）；51－60 years（12.77%）；20 years and below（6.38%）；61 years and above（3.27%）.This shows that21－30 yearsold young peoplewant to go to another place to seek their livelihood，so the proportion is comparatively high；when getting31－40 years old，they find that the outside world is very exciting and also feel helpless，and they go back to rural areas，so that the proportion drops slightly；after getting 41－50 years old，they not only have rich social experience，but also have a wealth of working experience，so that the proportion ofmigrantworkers is on the rise again.In terms of the marital status ofmigrantworkers（Table 5），themarried workers account for74.54%；the unmarried workersaccount for22.87%；the divorced or widowed workers only account for 2.21%.By comparing the villages，the proportion ofmigrantworkers who get married ishigh in Shuidong（83.50%），Xiaochangba（81.32%）and Dengta（80%），but low in Zhenjiang（63.41%），Mairang（63.75%），and Jiangxi（64.10%）.In terms ofmigrantworkers'education level（Table 4），61.85%ofmigrantworkers are junior high school graduates，and themain force ofmigrantworkers，followed by primary school graduates（22.95%），senior high school graduates and above（9.35%），and the illiterate（5.47%）.As the ruralnine-year compulsory education is fully implemented，the ruralmigrant labor's education level hasgreatly improved，and the migrantworkers with education level of junior high school and above account formore than 70%.

Table 3 The overall situation of working outside in the villages surveyed in 2013

Table 4 Gender，age，marriage and education level ofm igrant workers

4.2 The placeswherem igrant workers goFrom the working radiusofmigrantworkers（Table 5），the proportion ofmigrant workers who work within the township accounts for 52.28%；the proportion of migrant workers who work in other provinces accounts for 29.41%；the proportion ofmigrant workers who work within the county accounts for 10.49%；the proportion ofmigrant workerswho work within the province accounts for 7.75%；the proportion of migrant workers who work in foreign countries accounts for 0.08%.This shows that with the industrialization and agricultural modernization，the rural labor forces are willing to work nearby without affecting the income.By comparing the villages，there are 4 villages with the proportion of migrant workers working within the township higher than 70%：Dengta（97.27%）；Chujiashan（84.15%）；Mairang（81.25%）；Shui-dong（72.50%）.Theworking radius of1463migrantworkers involves a totalof15 provinces，autonomous regions andmunicipalities.The top 3 provinces with the highest proportion of migrant workers are Guizhou（70.14%），Zhejiang（14.35%）and Guangdong（9.88%）.There are also 5.40%ofmigrantworkers choosing other provinces，autonomous regions and municipalities，only 79 people.One person in Changqing chooses towork abroad.This shows that 70%of migrant workers choose to work within Guizhou Province，while the remaining 30%ofmigrant workers mostly choose towork in the economically developed eastern coastal provinces，mainly including Zhejiang，Guangdong，Fujian and Shanghai.There are few migrantworkers going to work in the inland provinces except Yunnan.

Table 5 The working places ofm igrant workers Unit：%

4.3 Ways for m igrant workers to work outside and the industries they work inFrom the ways for migrant workers to work outside（Table 6），59.65%ofmigrant workers are recommended by their relatives and fellow-villagers towork outside；26.14%ofmigrantworkers find job in the labormarket；there are few migrantworkers finding job by government help，social intermediary and school recommendation（only 3.26%）；10.94%ofmigrantworkers find job through other ways，which reflects the diversity of ways for migrant workers to get job.By comparing the villages，there are also great differences in the ways for migrant workers towork outside between villages due to differences in economic development and ethnicminority culture.The job ismainly recommended by their relativesand fellow-villagers，supplemented by looking for work in the labormarket for 4 villages（Pingchu，Xiaochangba，Dengta and Zhenjiang）.In terms of the industry the migrantworkerswork in（Table6），it is sequenced in descending order according to the proportion of migrant workers as follows：other industries（50.84%）＞industry（13.30%）＞farming（11.85%） ＞construction （8.81%） ＞catering industry（6.69%）＞ transportation industry（2.96%）＞business（2.51%）＞animal husbandry and aquaculture（1.67%）＞forestry（1.29%）.By comparing differentvillages，the villageswith high proportion ofmigrantworkers engaged in other industries include Shuidong（50.50%）；Pingchu（98.51%）；Chujiashan（70.12%）；Baobaozhai（53.49%）；Mairang（83.75%）.The proportion is also not low in some villages：Xiaochangba（26.37%），Jiangxi（41.03%），Dengta（34.55%）and Zhenjiang（43.90%）.For themigrantworkers，they will choose the industry from which they can get high remuneration.

Table 6 Ways for m igrantworkers to work outside and the industries they work in Unit：%

4.4 Training and contract situationFrom the training received by migrant workers（Table 7），only 10.33%ofmigrant workers have received job trainingwhile 89.67%of people do not receive specialized job training.All migrant workers from Shuidong，Pingchu，Chujiashan and Baobaozhai have not yet received any job training.Only 8.66%ofmigrant workers have received agricultural technical training.There are few migrantworkers employed in agriculture，only accounting for14.81%.From the employment contractsituation（Table7），few ofmigrantworkerssign contract，only accounting for 18.84%，while themajority ofmigrantworkers do not sign labor contract，accounting for 81.16%.By comparing the villages，the villageswith high proportion ofmigrant workers who sign the labor contract include Xiaochangba（35.16%），Jiangxi（74.36），Dengta（25.00%），Changqing（43.18%）and Zhenjiang（28.46%）.None ofmigrant workers from Shuidong and Pingchu sign labor contracts.From the actual job-hunting ofmigrantworkers，on the one hand，once the labor units learn that the workers require signing labor contracts，they refuse to hire，and themigrantworkers can be employed ifwithout signing contracts；on the other hand，themigrant workers are so eager to get a job and find it really difficult to get a satisfactory well-paid job，thus ignoring the signing of labor contracts.

Table 7 Training received by m igrant workers and contract signing situation Unit：%

4.5 W orking days and cash income for m igrant workersFrom the cumulativeworking days（Table8），themigrantworkers with working daysmore than 180 account for 77.51%.Themigrantworkerswith cumulative working days between 180 and 270 account for 45.44%，while the migrant workers with cumulative working days between 271 and 360，account for 32.07%.There are few migrantworkerswith cumulativeworking days of less than 180，only accounting for 22.50%；17.10%of migrant workers have 91－180 working days；there are lessmigrantworkers with cumulative working days of less than 90，only accounting for 5.40%，indicating that working outside is treated as the main business formigrantworkers in Guizhou Province.There are some differences between villages.The villages with migrant workers mainly working for 181－270 days include Shuidong（77.50%），Pingchu（61.94%），Xiaochangba（56.4%） and Jiangxi（87.18%）；the villageswithmigrantworkersmainly working for 271－360 days include Changqing（90.91%）and Mairang（46.25%）；the villageswith migrantworkersmainly working for 181－270 days or271－360 days include Dengta，Baobaozhaiand Zhenjiang；themigrant workers who work as casual or long-term laborers account for a certain proportion in Chujiashan.From the cash income ofmigrant workers（Table 8），the cash income per capita is13274.32 yuan.The per capita income is24539.77 yuan in Changqing，14933.58 yuan in Pingchu，17852.20 yuan in Xiaochangba，17976.92 yuan in Jiangxi，18659.79 yuan in Chujiashan，15727.91 yuan in Baobaozhai，16431.25 yuan in Mairang，5417.10 yuan in Shuidong，6560.89 yuan in Dengta and 8976.31 yuan in Zhenjiang.In terms of the proportion of cash income from working outside to household income，it averages 53.25%for the 10 villages，that is，the income from working outside has become an important source of household income.

Table 8 W orking days and cash income for m igrant workers in 2013

5 Conclusions

The survey involves 10 villages，800 rural households，3349 people，2278 rural labor forces，663 migrant families，1463 migrant workers in Guizhou Province.From the results of this survey，the proportion of family labor to household population for the households surveyed in the 10 villages is 68.02%，indicating that the＂support burden＂is heavier than in developed countries，which is not conducive to economic development.The per capita income is 10805.63 yuan，generally higher than Guizhou's rural per capita net income，but there are great differences between villages.The per capita land area is0.73mu，and it is difficult tomaintain the survival and development of rural families.In terms of the land transfer，the transfer household incidence is15.88%and the land transfer rate is 12.79%，indicating that the rural economy is not very active in Guizhou.It is found from the survey that themigrant families account for 82.88%of the families surveyed and migrant workers account for 43.68%of household population，and 64.22%of family labor，indicating that such high proportion of migrantworkers is not the problem of rural surplus labor，but related to the survival and economic developmentof rural households in Guizhou Province.From the specific situation ofmigrantworkers，the ratio ofmale to femalemigrantworkers is6：4，and they are mainly aged between 20 and 50 years，accounting for 77.58%.74.54%ofmigrantworkers aremarried，and 71.20%ofmigrantworkers have education level of junior high school or above.The working places ofmigrantworkers cover 15 provinces，autonomous regions and municipalities.The number of migrant workers is largest in Guizhou Province，accounting for 70.14%，followed by Zhejiang（14.36%），Guangdong（9.88%）and other provinces（5.40%）.From the ways to find a job，the migrant workers find a job by the recommendation of relatives and fellowvillagers or look for work in the labor market，accounting for 85.79%.The proportion ofmigrantworkerswho have received job training is only10.33%and the proportion ofmigrantworkerswho have received agricultural technical training isonly8.66%.There are few migrantworkers employed in agriculture，only accounting for 14.81%.Few ofmigrantworkers sign contract，only accounting for18.84%，while themajority ofmigrantworkers do not sign labor contract，accounting for 81.16%.On the one hand，once the labor units learn that the workers require signing labor contracts，they refuse to hire，and the migrant workers can be employed ifwithoutsigning contracts；on the other hand，themigrant workers are so eager to geta job and find it really difficult to geta satisfactory well-paid job，thus ignoring the signing of labor contracts.From theworking days and cash income，themigrantworkerswith working days more than 180 account for 77.51%.The cash income per capita is13274.32 yuan，accounting for53.25%of household income.In short，with rapid economic and social development in Guizhou Province，in order to achieve synchronization with the nationalwell－off society in 2020，the key lies in the economic development in rural areas，and the key of rural economic development lies in the economic development of rural households.The income from working outside accounts for more than half of rural household income，and it becomes amajor source of income of rural households.It is increasingly important to the survival and development of rural households.

［1］HU JL.Study on farmer households'economic behavior in China［M］.Beijing：China Agriculture Press，1992.（in Chinese）.

［2］MA HY.Study on farmer households'economic behavior in China［M］.Shanghai：Shanghai People's Publishing House，1993.（in Chinese）.

［3］ZHANG ZP，XIN Y.Economic dynamics of rural household in Guizhou and relevant policy suggestions——based on a survey on 800 households in 10 villages in Guizhou［J］.Journalof Party School of Guiyang CommitteeofC.P.C.，2014（2）：1－6.（in Chinese）.

［4］ZHANG ZP，LIQ.Analysis on the change of employment structure trend of rural labor force［J］.Social Sciences in Guizhou，2007（9）：128－132.（in Chinese）.