Substantive Characteristics of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction in China

Yanrong CAI,Xingping FENG

1.Sichuan Eiectric Power Design Institute,Chengdu 610072,China

2.Oil and Water Conservation Research Institute of the University of Science and Technology,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry,Yangling 712100,China

Substantive Characteristics of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction in China

Yanrong CAI1,Xingping FENG2*

1.Sichuan Eiectric Power Design Institute,Chengdu 610072,China

2.Oil and Water Conservation Research Institute of the University of Science and Technology,Northwest Agriculture and Forestry,Yangling 712100,China

Water and soil conservation is an important part of eco-civilization construction.It is a major part of eco-construction and lifeline of social and economy development.Therefore,water and soil conservation is of great significance in maintaining eco-safety.The research concluded status quo and characters of water and soil losses in China and analyzed water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization from the perspectives of water and soil conservation and construction of eco-civilization.

Water and soil losses;Water and soil conservation;Ecological civilization;Ecological civilization construction

S ince the middle of the 20thcentury,ecological crises are emerging and environment undergoes destruction with deterioration of global eco-environment,which poses threats to sustainable development of human society[1].There fore,some concepts are proposed in terms of ecology,ecological civilization and the construction on basis of consideration of the relationship between human and nature,human existence patterns,and development modes[2]. With progress made on economy development in China 30 years since reform and opening-up,economy growth is always the traditional way of“high growth,high consumption and high pollution”.It is urgent to save and protect resources and improve eco-environment.Ecological civilization is a part of human social civilization,being a key sign of social advancement.It is notable that ecological civilization,on basis of respecting and maintaining eco-environment,is a sustainable pro duction and consumption way, guaranteeing social and economic harmonious development.Furthermore,ecological civilization gives highlights to self-determination and selfdiscipline,as well as interedependency and mutual promotion.It is known that ecological civilization has been written into the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China, which incorporates China’s responsibility of history and the spirit of development to keep pace with times,as well as the significance of ecological civilization for building well-off society in an all-around way.

China is one of countries undergoing the most serious water and soil losses which has become a key envi ronment problem[3].Water and soil conservation,under guidance of harmonious development between human beings and nature,constitutes a crucial way for constructing ecological civilization,starting from improving livelihood and insisting on protective development,which effectively protect water and soils and supports economy

Concepts Related to Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization

Water and soil losses

Water and soil losses refer to the action of soils being eroded,moved, and deposited under the effect of flow action.In natural condition,surface soil erosion just caused by natural factors is much slow,keeping balance with soil formation,which is called natural erosion or geological erosion.Under influence of human activity,especially for serious destruction on slope vegetation by human,water and soil losses would occur when soil and rock, caused by natural factors,move from one location to another location.

Water and soil conservation

Water and soil conservation refers to preventing soil and water losses, protecting and improving water and soil resources in mountains,hills,and sandy fields in order to maintain and enhance soil fertility,fully exploit economic and social benefits of water and soils,and to establish comprehensive science and technology of a good ecoenvironment.Currently,water and soil conservation is composed of water and soil conservation agricultural technology,water and soil conservation forestry and grass measures,and water and soil conservation engineering measures.It is notable that water and soil conservation is a comprehensive and systematic engineering and has four characters,as follows:The first belongs to science property which concerns multiple subjects,such as soil,geology,forestry,agriculture,water conservancy,and law.The second is location property.Different measures should be taken because of diversified natural conditions,economy development,social status,and water and soil conservation.The third character is the integrity,covering departments of finance,planning,environment protection,agriculture,forestry, water conservancy,territorial resources,transportation,construction, economy and trade,judiciary and public security.Finally,water and soil conservation relies on the efforts of the public.

Ecology

Ecology is the existence status of living beings and the interactions among organisms and their environment.The word can be dated back to the research of an individual organism. At present,ecology has been applied in different fields,the word is usually endowed with active meanings.

Ecological civilization

Ecological civilization refers to a new phase of human civilization development after industrial civilization.It is a sum of material and spiritual achievements in the process of human abiding by harmonious development of human beings,nature and society,according to the purpose of coordinated existence,virtuous circle,overall development,and sustainable prosperity between human and nature,among human beings,and between human and society.The 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China defined ecological civilization as a sum of material,spiritual and system fruits in the process of people protecting and constructing beautiful eco-environment,and it is a systematic engineering penetrating economic,politic,cultural and social constructions,reflecting social civilization advancement.

Construction of ecological civilization

The construction of ecological civilization would effectively relieve the conflict between economy evolvement and environment protection,and coordinate the relationship among people and between human and nature,to advance economy,social and environment sustainable development.In the construction process,it has demands on people to give full play to their creativity and settle the target of production,provided eco-environment being protected.Meanwhile,the construction should undergo in the processes of economic,political,cultural and social constructions,for the construction aims at building beautiful China and promoting China sustainable development.

Status quoof Water and Soil Losses in China

Water and soils lay foundation for existence and development of human beings,and water and soil losses has drawn global attention.It is notable that the water and soil loss is one of the most serious disasters in the world, resulting in drought,sedimentation, and floods,as well as deterioration of natural environment in China[5].In accordance with remote-sensing investigation in 1990,the area of water and soil losses totaled 3.67 million km2nationwide,representing 38.2%of national lands,and the newly increased loss area reached 10 000 km2yearly(Table 1 and Fig.1).Meanwhile,the area affected by desertification is extending. For example,total area of desertification in China reached 2.62 million km2, and continued increasing at 24.60 million km2per year.According to the Second National Remote-sensing Investigation of Water and Soil Losses, the total area of water and soil losses was as high as 3.569 2 million km2in China in the 1990s,including the area of water erosion at 1.67 million km2,and the area of wind erosion at 1.91 million km2.Besides,the interlocking area totaled 260 000 km2.Specifically,for water erosion,the area in China was as extensive as 1.65 million km2,including slight erosion area of 830 000 km2,moderate erosion area of 550 000 km2,heavy erosion area of 180 000 km2,extremely heavy erosion area of 60 000 km2, and the extremely heaviest erosion area of 30 000 km2.As for wind erosion,the total area reached 1.91 million km2,involving slight erosion area of 790 000 km2,moderate erosion of 250 000 km2,heavy erosion of 250 000 km2,extremely heavy erosion area of 270 000 km2,and the extremely heaviest erosion area of 350 000 km2.China has a high population,so that the demand pressure on crops and household fuel maintains higher accordingly. With productivity unchanged,it becomes common to conduct excessive reclamation on lands,partially emphasize crop yield,and ignore overall development of agriculture,forestry,and animal husbandry.Consequently,the lands just suitable for forestry and animal husbandry are also used as farmlands.It is notable that undue exploitation of slopes,excessive deforestation and even roots has destroyed ecosystem and deteriorated water and soil losses[2].In addition,some buildings do not conform to demands of water and soil conservation.For example,irrational construction of roads,industries,and coal mining undermine vegetations,and slope stability,causing landslide,collapse and debris flow. Due to large area of water and soil losses,and difficulty in treatment,the problem of water and soil losses is deteriorating,so that a vicious circle hasformed of reclamation and farmers’incomes.Presently,water and soil losses have become a chief culprit of environment destruction(Fig.2).In general,water and soil losses are caused by natural factors and human activities,of which the former is a potential aspect,but the latter is a fundamental cause,involving destruction of surface vegetation and landforms by reclamation of steep slope,irrational deforestation,and inappropriate treatments of mining,road repair,and quarrying.

Table 1Water erosion and wind erosion areas of different provinces in China

China is dominated by hills and low mountains,and rainfall is unevenly distributed in terms of spatial and temporal aspects.What’s worse,the extension of urbanization has deteriorated water and soil losses.

Extensive distribution with large areas

China is dominated by hills and low mountain ranges,taking up to 70% of national lands.For a long term,because of irrational development of resources,population surge,exploitation of steep slopes,excessive deforestation,it becomes much severe of destroying forests and grasses to be farmlands,causing water and soil losses.According to the Second National Remote-sensing Investigation, the area of water and soil losses reached 3.569 2 million km2,including water erosion area of 1.65 million km2and wind erosion are of 1.91 million km2.China is one of countries the most seriously affected by desertification in the world,and the areas of desert,gobi,and desertified land in Northern China have exceeded 1.49 million km2, representing 15.5%.In the 1970s,the degradation rate of grasslands reached 15%,and even 30%in the 1980s.It can be concluded that water and soil losses has thinned soil layers, and promoted land petrifaction,reducing land values in agriculture and decreased farmland area.

Diversified erosion types and difficulty of treatment

It is notable that the erosion types are diversified,including water,wind, freezing and thawing,and gravitational erosions.For instance,Loess Plateau in the northwest,black soil regions in China’s Northeast Plain,hilly red soil region of Southern China,mountainous areas in Northern China,and stony mountainous areas in Southern China are dominated by water erosion, supplemented by landslide and debris flow.Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by freezing and thawing erosion. The windy desert areas and grasslands in the northwest are dominated by wind erosion.Semi-dry transition zones between cropping area and nomadic area in the northwest are contributed by wind and water erosions. On the other hand,spring and winter are dominated by wind erosion and summer and autumn by water erosion. According to statistics,soil loss totaled 5 billion tons yearly in China.Specifically,soil loss in the Yangtze River basin can be as high as 2.4 billion tons,including 1.56 billion tons in upper and middle reaches,and the sediments in the Yellow River reach 1.6 billion tons,especially in the segment from Hetou Town to Longmen District, where the sediments can be 70 000 km2,and annual mean soil erosion modulus reaches 10 000 t/km2,and even 30 000-50 000 t/km2for silts de-position in rivers or lakes weakens regulating and storage functions of water conservancy facilities and flood carrying capacity of natural river channels,and deteriorates floods downstream.Consequently,the silts received from the middle reaches form sediments here,elevating the river bed about 9 cm yearly,which is several meters above the surrounding ground, becoming a“suspending river”and increasing flood control difficulties.

Complicated cause of water and soil losses with significant differences upon regions

Water and soil losses in Loess Plateau in the northwest,black soil regions in China’s Northeast Plain,hilly red soil region of Southern China, mountainous areas in Northern China, and stony mountainous areas in Southern China tend to be volatile in terms of causes,harms,and treatment keys.On the other hand,water and soil losses mainly occurs in mountainous regions,hills,and windy desert areas,and occasionally observed in flatlands and coastal areas.

Fundamental Characters of Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Civilization Construction

Since the middle of the 20thcentury,with deteriorating of global ecoenvironment,ecological risks appear repeatedly and environment has been destroyed,posing threats to sustainable development of human beings[6]. Hence,the relationship between human beings and nature,human existence and development mode have drawn attentions worldwide,and the concepts of ecology,eco-civilization and construction of eco-civilization are proposed[11].The area of hills and mountain ranges represent 2/3 of China’s territorial area,and climate in China differs from region to region. Water and soil conservation constructions were carried out since ancient times for living and the theories,such as“balanced resources of water,soil, grass,and woods”,and“source first in treatment of water”were created, with progresses made[9].Since reform and opening-up,economy advances significantly in China.However,economy growth is still characterized by high growth,consumption and pollution.Hence,it is urgent to save and protect resources and improve ecoenvironment.Eco-civilization belongs to human civilization,symbolizing social advancement,premised on respecting and maintaining eco-environment.It is a sustainable production and consumption way,guaranteeing sustainable development of economy and society.Furthermore,eco-civilization gives highlights to conscientiousness and self-discipline,as well as interedependency and mutual promotion[12].

Water and soil conservation has been an important part of sustainable development strategy and a basic state policy[6-7].Recently,water and soil conservation plays a key role in improving eco-environment,agricultural production and treating rivers, which is famous as a national engineering for helping farmers become rich.It should recognize that water and soil conservation is fundamental for river treatments,laying foundation for use and protection of water resources, and contributes to the organic integrity of water management.After all,the protection of land resources from external erosions is a basic content of water and soil conservation as well as a part of land use and protection.With consideration of preventing land resources destruction and reducing soil degradation,water and soil conservation plays an active role in advancing land resources use and protection, which lays foundation for eco-environment construction.

Eco-civilization is a product on basis of profound reflection on traditional civilization,industrial civilization in particular,concerning global environment issue[16](Fig.4).Besides,social resources are limited,and reproducible ability of resources and environment lays foundation for human development.In China,the proposal of constructing eco-civilization is a result of prominent eco-environment problems and heavy pressure of environment protection.After reform and opening-up,much more problems or conflicts are emerging with progress on economy and social evolvement, which outstandingly embodied as heavier reliance on investment and increasing material input for economy development.It is a kind of extensive growth largely consuming energies and other resources,resulting in deteriorating environment problems[17-18]. On August 21,1982,Wan Li,vice premier and a member of the CPC central committee,propounded that the construction of water and soil conservation should be implemented from pri-mary school,and included in education of middle school,high school,and collages,and universities,which is of strategic significance for a long term.

In the middle of the 1990s,China proposed the concept of ecological civilization.In 1999,Wen Jiabao,vice Premier,made a prediction that the 21stcentury would be an ecological civilization-oriented.According to the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China,ecological civilization construction should be highlighted,which proceeds and integrates with economic,political,cultural and social constructions.These indicated that the theory,view and methods of ecological civilization construction should be applied in constructions in terms of economy,politics,culture and society.Hu Jintao emphasized in the 17thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China that it is important to implement fiscal and taxation system and establish the system of use with compensation and eco-environment compensation system,which is of significance as a part of Scientific Outlook on Development.Furthermore,Hu pointed out that the essence of constructing ecological civilization is to construct resource-conserving and environment-friendly society on basis of environmental bearing capacity of resources,under the principle of natural rules and sustainable development. It is notable that the construction of ecological civilization includes not only the laws,policies and consciousness of protecting eco-environment,but also well-organized structure,advanced science and technology and active practice.Xi Jinping proposes that the construction of ecological civilization is related to people’s welfare and future of China,and gives highlights to protection of eco-environment.It is,therefore,necessary to recognize the urgency and difficulty in protecting eco-environment and treating pollution and the importance of reinforcing construction of ecological civilization.

In the 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China,it proposed the necessity of constructing eco-civilization in an all-round way in modern times and underscored the importance of construction of eco-civilization with people’s wellbeing and nation’s future.Therefore,people have to respect nature and natural rules,and establish the concept of protecting ecology and natural environment,guided by the principle of saving resources and energies,and of saving and protection first.What’s more,much more attention was paid to construction of ecological civilization,and it was proposed that the construction of ecological civilization is a long-term policy concerning people’s well-being and national development. These incorporate that the responsibility undertaken by Chinese Communist Party and the spirit of advancement with the times,as well as the significance of eco-civilization for building well-off society in an allaround way.Confronted by limited resources,serious environment pollution,and degraded eco-system,it becomes crucial to give prominence to ecological civilization construction, which should be integrated economic,political,cultural and social constructions in order to build beautiful China and achieve sustainable development of China.Therefore,the construction of eco-civilization has become a key part of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics[19-20].Jinhua City has advanced the scheme of cleaning water source comprehensively,and detailed many water treatment targets.Specifically,it planned to completely accomplish treatments of industries involving battery,electroplate,printing and dyeing, papermaking,tanning,pharmaceuticals,chemical engineering and food in the end of 2015.Besides,sewage treatment rate in Jinhua City is expected to keep over 93%,over 90%in county-level cities,45%in towns,and 70%in villages;the treatment of household rubbish can be carried out in whole villages(Fig.5).

In accordance with Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform,it was proposed to protect eco-environment relying on systems and emphasized it is necessary to deepen reform of ecological civilization system,accelerate ecological civilization system,improve the system of land development,resource-saving,and eco-environment protection and advance a new modernized pattern between man and nature.Besides,it was proposed that ecological civilization construction should be on basis of a complete ecological civilization system.Additionally, it is crucial to improve property rights theory of natural resources and use control system,and determine the“red line”of ecological protection to implement paid use system of resources and ecological compensation system and conduct reform on ecoenvironment protection and management system.It can be concluded that the strategy of integration of economy, politics,culture,society and ecology is highlighted,as well as the relationship of building beautiful China with deepening ecological civilization system. What’s more,the position of ecological civilization system in overall deepening and reforming has been confirmed and it put forward to constructcomplete ecological civilization system to protect eco-environment.And the content of ecological civilization system is enriched,covering resource property right,use control,“red line”of ecology,paid use,ecological compensation,and management system.

The construction of ecological civilization is a long-term policy concerning people’s well-being and national development.Confronted by limited resources,serious environment pollution,and degraded eco-system,it becomes crucial to give prominence to ecological civilization construction, which should be integrated economic, political,cultural and social constructions in order to build beautiful China and achieve sustainable development of China[21-22].In practice,some measures can be taken,including optimizing development pattern of space of national land,overall advancing resource saving,intensifying protection on ecosystem and environment,and reinforcing construction of eco-civilization.Generally speaking,ecological civilization can be understood from two aspects.

The first is to take ecological civilization as the highest development pattern which can be achieved by human beings following original civilization,agricultural civilization,and industrial civilization.Hence,ecological civilization is a kind of an abstract and long-term process of value pursuit, carrying people’s yearning for an ideal society and thoughts on future development.The second believes that material civilization mainly emphasizes increasing material demands,spiritual civilization mainly leads people’s mind,political civilization highlights the right relationship among people,and ecological civilization gives highlights to establish harmonious relationship of man and nature.Hence,a complete governing philosophy consisting of material,spiritual,political and natural aspects can be formulated.

Water and resources lay foundation for organism living and evolvement,as well as achieving eco-civilization.Nevertheless,the issue of water and soil losses caused by natural factors and human activities has become a big environmental problem, preventing eco-civilization construction.Water and soil conservation would guarantee coordinated development of population,resource,environment and economy,by coordinating natural and social factors and scientific arrangement,which is considered important for eco-civilization construction.Hence,to reinforce water and soil conservation is indispensible for promoting construction of harmonious society.

Conclusions

In conclusion,water and soil conservation is a task should be accomplished in construction of eco-civilization.Since the new century,China has proposed Scientific Outlook on Development and water and soil conservation can be a basic project for sustainable development concerning people's livelihood,drawing nation’s attention. The 18thNational Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to build a comprehensive well-off society and incorporated eco-civilization into socialist cause with Chinese characteristics,as well as to build beautiful China.In terms of recognition,it should establish eco-civilization consciousness nationwide.In terms of policy,it should explore effective strategies in carrying out water and soil conservation in new age.In terms of measures,it should recognize the weakness of work system available to get improvement.In terms of action,it should stimulate social forces to take part in construction of eco-environment.Additionally,it becomes necessary to conduct education activities of water and soil conservation to enhance the awareness of eco-civilizaiton,cultivate eco-civilization,and research new measures;it is supposed to improve responsibility system of water and soil conservation targets and reward and punishment mechanism to construct eco-civilization system;it ought to underscore water and soil conservation involving scientific research,testing and promotion,to take measures for eco-civilization and complete eco-compensation system, providing references and supports for future national development.

[1]HE J(何静).Problems and countermeasures of land resources use in China (我国土地资源利用中存在的问题与对策)[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology(农业灾害研究),2014,4(2): 28-36.

[2]HE J(何静),ZHANG JJ(张建军),LI YH (李永红),GAO ZL(高照良).Evaluating functions of soil and water conservation and ecosystem service in xinjiang uygur autonomous region(新疆地区水土保持功能价值评估方法及生态服务价值估算)[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),2012(6): 110-115.

[3]HE J(何静),ZHU Q(朱琦),GAO ZL(高照良).The western crude oil pipeline engineering for prevention and control of soil and water loss in gansu Province (西部原油成品油管道工程甘肃段水土流失防治探讨)[J].Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Sciences Edition)(首都师范大学学报(自然科学版)),2013,30(4):81-87.

[4]HE J(何静),LI YH(李永红),GAO ZL (高照良).Study on relationship between dina condensate gas field ground project area and the soil erosion and prediction(新疆迪那凝析气田地面工程项目区水土流失关系及预测)[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology(农业灾害研究),2013,3(3):48-53.

[5]HE J(何静).Analysis of effectiveness of Chinese food waste containment measures at the present stage(遏制现阶段中国粮食浪费措施的有效性分析)[J]. Business(商),2014,(5):197-201.

[6]ZHOU JG(周建光),ZHOU Y(周影). Discussions on the functions of water and soil conservation in construction of eco-environment(浅议水土保持在生态环境建设中的作用)[J].Resources Environment and Development(资源环境与发展),2007(6):45-51.

[7]XIAO AM(肖爱梅).Promotions of water and soil conservation industry development for rural economic development (浅谈水土保持产业开发对农村经济发展的促进作用)[J].Private S&T(民营科技),2010(6):16-18.

[8]ZHANG W(张伟),MA HY(马会远), ZOU ZR(邹志荣).Study on ecological civilization construction and soil and water conservation of Tongchuan City in Shaanxi Province(陕西省铜川市生态文明建设与水土保持研究)[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology(农业灾害研究),2014,4(2):61-70.

[9]GAO ZL(高照良).Compensation theory and practices of water and soil conservation in Xinjiang(新疆水土保持生态补偿理论与实践研究)[M].Chengdu: Sichuan S&T Press(成都:四川科技出版社),2013.

[10]SUN L(孙柳).Multi dimensional thought on eco-civilization construction in modern times(新形势下推进生态文明建设的多维思考)[J].Theoretical studies on PLA Political Work(军队政工理论研究),2013,14(3):23-25.

[11]ZENG H(曾花).Status quo and problems of agricultural structure in Zhejiang Province(浙江省农业结构的现状与问题研究)[J].Economic Forum(经济论坛),2011,11(10):79-83.

[12]PAN JF(潘军峰).To provide supports for‘leapfrog’development for Shanxi Province by increasing income and reducing expenditure,with highlights to construction and management(开源节流并举,建设管理并重,为山西转型跨越发展提供强有力的水支撑)[J]. Shanxi Water Resources(山西水利), 2013,24(4):25-27.

[13]GAO ZL(高照良),ZHANG XP(张晓萍), PENG KS(彭珂珊).Construction and planning of warp land dams in Loess Plateau(黄土高原地区淤地坝建设及其规划研究)[M].Beijing:Central Party Literature Press(北京:中央文献出版社),2007.

[14]ZHAO S(赵胜),LI GT(李贵庭),XIE HL (谢慧丽),et al.Thoughts on water and soil conservation(对水土保持问题的思考)[J].Henan water conservancy(河南水利),2005(8):55-60.

[15]JING K(景可),WANG WZ(王万忠), ZHENG FL(郑粉莉).Soil Erosion and Environment in China(中国土壤侵蚀与环境)[M].Beijing:Science Press(北京:科学出版社),2005:18-27.

[16]ZHAO YP(赵永平).Water and soil erosions(水土流失现状摸清)[N].People Daily(人民日报),2008-11-21.

[17]GAO ZL(高照良),LI YH(李永红),XU J (徐佳).Advancement and countermeasures of water and soil erosion treatment in Loess Plateau(黄土高原水土流失治理进展及其对策)[J].Science Technology and Industry(科技和产业),2009,12(10):5-12.

[18]CHEN F(陈芳),ZHU GH(朱高洪), MAO ZF(毛志锋).Assessment on economic loss caused by water and soil losses in China(我国水土流失的经济损失评估)[J].Soil And Water Conservation In China(中国水土保持),2008 (12):11-13.

[19]E JP(鄂竞平).ompressively advancement of water and soil conservation under guidance of the Spirit of the 17thNational Congress(认真贯彻党的全面推进水土保持事业的新发展)[J].Soil And Water Conservation In China(中国水土保持),2008(5):1-4.

[20]JING K(景可),WANG WZ(王万忠), ZHENG FL(郑粉莉).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(中国土壤侵蚀与环境)[M].Beijing:Science Press (北京:科学出版社),2005.

[21]QU XF(曲雪峰),YU L(于雷),WANG JQ(王景琴).Relationship between water and soil conservation and ecoenvironment construction(论水土保持与生态环境建设的关系)[J].Heilongjiang Science and Technology of Water Conservancy(黑龙江水利科技), 2009,30(5):55-56.

[22]ZHANG CY(张长印),SONG XQ(宋晓强),WANG HY(王海燕).Soil and water conservation and ecological civilization(水土保持与生态文明)[J].Soil And Water Conservation In China(中国水土保持),2012,11(2):79—83.

[23]SHEN LM(申来明).The measurement of economic loss of soil erosion in Xinjiang(新疆水土流失经济损失计量研究) [J].Business(商),2014(4):175-178.

[24]WAN Y(万晔),YANG XP(杨秀萍),QIN BS(秦百顺).Macro-features and rules of water and soil erosion and water and soil conservation strategies in China(我国水土流失区域分异宏观特征、规律和水土保持生态建设方略探讨)[J]. Resource Environment and Development(资源环境与发展),2007(6):45-51.

Responsible editor:Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader:Xiaoyan WU

我国水土保持与生态文明建设的本质特征探讨

蔡艳蓉1，冯兴平2*
（1.四川省电力设计院，四川成都610072；2.西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所/水利部水土保持生态工程技术研究中心，陕西杨凌712100）

水土保持作为生态文明建设的重要组成部分，是生态建设的主体,是经济社会发展的生命线。保持水土,维护生态安全,意义重大,刻不容缓。从水土保持与生态文明建设的相关概念入手，总结了我国水土流失的现状及主要特点，分析了水土保持与生态文明建设的本质特征。

水土流失；水土保持；生态文明；生态文明建设evolvement.After all,water and soil conservation dominates in ecological construction,and becomes a lifeline of social and economy development[4]. Water and soil resources lay foundation for human civilization and ecological civilization,and water and soil conservation prevents blind development of the resources by rational adjusting the relation between human and nature,scientific arrangement of measures and strict implementation of prevention,restoration,treatment and protection as per the principle of acting according to circumstances,which advances harmony existence of human and nature and coordinated development of resources,environment,economy and society.Therefore,ecological civilization is achievement on basis of human thoughts on traditional civilization and industrial civilization,making progress on agricultural and industrial civilization,which is an advancement of human civilization pattern and development,road and mode,as well as an important part of constructing harmonious society.It is notable that the construction of ecological civilization refers to harmonious coexistence of human with nature.

“十二五”农村领域国家科技计划课题（2011BAD31B01）资助。

蔡艳蓉（1986-），女，福建南安人，硕士，助理工程师，主要研究方向为土壤侵蚀、水土保持技术和荒漠化治理。*通讯作者，冯兴平（1960-），男，陕西榆林人，工程师，从事生产建设项目水土保持方案编制、水土保持设施竣工验收、水土保持生态工程规划与设计，E-mail：1004977862@qq.com。

2015-04-03

修回日期 2015-05-16

Supported by the Twelfth Five-year-plan in National Science and Technology for the Rural Development in China(2011BAD31B01).

*Corresponding author.E-mail:1004977862@qq.com

Received:April 3,2015 Accepted:May 16,2015