中考试题中的宾语从句
2015-01-31吴素珍
宾语从句是初中英语最重要的语法内容之一,在中考试题中频频出现。学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习主语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句打下良好的基础。纵观2014年全国各省市的英语中考试题,笔者发现宾语从句在其中仍占有相当大的比例。现把今年对于宾语从句的考查点进行分类归纳,以方便大家学习、参考。
考点一:对宾语从句的引导词的考查
宾语从句的引导词有以下三种:
1.引导词that只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,在口语中或非正式文体中常省略。
例如:He knew(that)he should work hard.
2.引导词if/whether,意为“是否”,在口语中常用if,连词if/whether不能省略。
例如:Tom didn’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
3.由疑问代词和疑问副词引导的宾语从句
疑问代词有:what、who、whom、whose、which,在宾语从句中主要充当主语、宾语、定语和表语等。
例如:
1)We don’t know who will win the match. (who作从句的主语)
2)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in.(which作从句的定语)
疑问副词有:when、where、why、how,在宾语从句中充当时间、地点、原因、方式状语。
【例1】
—Excuse me,could you tell me________? (2014山东东营)
—Go along this street until you see some buildings with golden roofs.
A.how I can go toTianning Temple(天宁寺)
B.how often you go to Tianning Temple
C.how soon you will go to Tianning Temple
D.how many times you have been to Tianning Temple
【例2】
—Excuse me,do you know________?
—About five minutes’walk.(2014四川成都)
A.where the hospital is
B.how far the hospital is
C.how I can get to the hospital
【解析】
1.第一题根据答语“沿着这条街走直到你看见带有金色屋顶的楼房”可以判断前一句是在询问“怎样到达天宁寺”,而“how often”意为“多久一次”,“how soon”意为“多久以后”,“how many”意为“多少”,故该题最佳答案为A。
2.第二题根据答语“大约五分钟的步行”可知是在询问“距离”,而“where”询问地点,“how”询问方式,只有“how far”用于询问距离,故该题最佳答案为B。
考点二:考查宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,即主语在前,谓语动词(包括助动词、系动词和情态动词)在后。
例如:
误:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see?
正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?
考点三:对宾语从句的时态的考查
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。
1.若主句是一般现在时,从句的时态不限,可根据句意使用所需的任何时态。
例如:I hear that you are going to Shanghai tomorrow.
2.若主句是一般过去时,从句必须是过去的某一种时态。
例如:She asked me if I was reading a book this time yesterday.
3.若从句叙述的是客观真理、自然现象或规律时,从句不受主句时态的限制,仍用一般现在时。
例如:The teacher told us light travels much faster than sound.
在考题中,一般是把宾语从句的时态和语序结合起来进行考查,请大家看下列考题:
【例1】
—Do you know________the Capital Museum?
—Next Friday.(2014山东泰安)
A.when will they visit
B.when they will visit
C.when did they visit
D.when they visited
【例2】
I didn’t know________.(2014湖北武汉)
A.when would the train arrive
B.where could I get the book
C.what has been done
D.who left the message
【例3】
Her mother didn’t tell her________then. (2014四川宜宾)
A.where is the MH370 flight
B.where the MH370 flight is
C.where was the MH370 flight
D.where the MH370 flight was
【例4】
—I don’t understand________.
—I’m sorry.But I was doing my homework.(2014江苏苏州)
A.why you didn’t watch the football match
B.why didn’t you watch the football match
C.why you don’t watch the football match
D.why don’t you watch the football match
【解析】
1.第一题根据答语得知是将来的时间,因此需用一般将来时,所以排除掉C和D,又由于宾语从句用陈述语序,故该题最佳答案为B。
2.第二题也是考查时态和语序,由主句为一般过去时,得知从句应该用过去时,加之用陈述语序,故该题最佳答案为D。
3.第三题的主句为一般过去时,那么由此可判定从句也应用过去的某种时态,所以先排除A、B,根据从句用陈述语序,故该题最佳答案为D。
4.第四题考查疑问副词引导的宾语从句用陈述语序,根据答语得知时态为一般过去时,故该题最佳答案为A。
真题荟萃
1.—Do you know________the meeting?
—Tomorrow morning.(2014北京市)
A.when they had
B.when they are going to have
C.when did they have
D.when are they going to have
2.—Could you tell me________?
—At 9:20 tomorrow morning.(2014山东济宁)
A.what time you arrived
B.who you are coming with
C.when will you be here
D.what time you are arriving
3.—So,can you tell me________here today?
—Well,I was walking down Centre Street when a UFO landed.(2014湖北黄冈)
A.what did you see
B.what you saw
C.when did you see it
D.when you saw
4.—Do you know________?
—8,844.43 meters.It’s a popular place with mountain climbers.(2014广东省)
A.how high is Qonolangma
B.how long is Qonolangma
C.how high Qomolangma is
D.how long Qonolangma is
5.—Excuse me,could you please tell me ________?
—Sure.It’s about ten minutes’walk.(2014湖南长沙)
A.how long it takes to go to the zoo
B.how far it is from here to the zoo
C.how far is it from here to the zoo
【解析】
1.第一题考查宾语从句的时态和语序,由于答语是明天上午,加之要用陈述语序,故该题最佳答案为B。
2.第二题由答语得知要用what time提问具体时间,明天上午9点20分,故该题最佳答案为D。
3.第三题由回答可以得知是在“做某事”,所以先排除掉A和B,因为宾语从句用陈述语序,故该题最佳答案为B。
4.考查宾语从句的引导词和语序,由题意可知在询问珠穆朗玛峰的高度,因此用“how high”进行提问,加之用陈述语序,故该题最佳答案为C。
5.根据宾语从句用陈述语序这条规则,先排除掉C,回答是“10分钟的步行”,应当用“how far”进行提问,故该题最佳答案为B。
小结:
以上三点是历年中考试题中出现频率最高的考点,大家在平时不妨精炼这方面的练习题,掌握解题思路和策略,灵活运用解题技巧。其中,牢记以Wh-开头的一些疑问代词(what、which、who、whom、whose)和疑问副词(where、when、why、how),以及以how组成的特殊疑问词组(how long、how far、how much、how often、how soon、how old、how many等),是很有必要的。另外,整体把握语境,很好地理解语义对做题也很有帮助。再者,注意观察主句中动词和助动词的时态无疑也是一种有效手段。同学们也要学会捕捉关键词寻找突破口。由于宾语从句需要大家注意的地方较多,所以有些同学在实际运用时容易发生一些错误,只要同学们注意“一连词,二时态,三语序”,再将下列“顺口溜”记住,相信会取得事半功倍的效果。
学习宾从三注意:时态语序和连词。
主句若为现在时,从句时态随句意。
主句若为过去时,从句时态变过去。
语序要用陈述序,切莫照搬疑问句。
That照搬疑问句,省与不省没关系。
从句若表“是否”时,if、whether均可以。
特殊问句作宾语,仍用原来疑问句。
三个问题须牢记,切莫丢东忘了西。