18F-脱氧葡萄糖PET/CT对宫颈癌分期及预后的临床价值
2015-01-22赵鹏综述罗娅红审校
赵鹏 综述 罗娅红 审校
辽宁省肿瘤医院医学影像科,辽宁 沈阳 110042
宫颈癌是世界范围内女性第三常见恶性肿瘤,约占女性全部恶性肿瘤的9%[1]。其不仅发病率高,病死率也很高。美国医学会统计,2014年美国全年有12360例新发宫颈癌病例,4020例病死;2012年欧洲统计报道了全年98984例新增宫颈癌患者和23733例宫颈癌病死病例[2]。人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染是宫颈癌发生的主要原因,99%宫颈肿瘤患者中可检出HPV[3]。近年来,我国宫颈癌的发病率和病死率也呈上升趋势。
2012年欧洲肿瘤学会临床实践指南对宫颈癌的术前评价包括临床及妇科检查、胸部X线检查、阴式超声、血生化指标及肝肾功能。全腹部增强CT检查可检测盆外病变,MRI增强扫描是评价宫颈癌局部浸润范围的最佳工具,分子影像18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18FFDG)PET/CT则主要检测远端转移[4]。本研究对PET/CT在宫颈癌分期和再分期、治疗疗效响应监测、预后及生存率预测中的应用进行综述。
1 FDG PET/CT与淋巴结
1.1 FDG PET/CT在淋巴结N分期中的优势
作为典型的妇科恶性肿瘤,早期宫颈癌常无症状或症状不明显,直到其扩散至周围解剖结构导致疼痛、性生活不适、不正常阴道流血或分泌物等才被发现[4]。国际妇产科联盟(International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO)对宫颈癌的分期基于肿瘤大小、周围组织结构受累情况(宫旁、阴道、膀胱、直肠)和远处转移[5]。
宫颈癌易发生淋巴结转移。越来越多的证据表明,N分期对患者的预后有很大影响。尽管外科技术不断提高,FIGO仍鼓励借助影像学技术评价腹盆部的淋巴结转移情况[5-8]。FIGO推荐增强CT及MRI作为宫颈癌治疗计划制订的一线影像技术;FDG PET/CT则更好地作为N分期工具,而不是判断肿瘤浸润程度的工具。Lv等[9]回顾性分析了87例早期宫颈癌患者,评价FDG PET/CT与盆腔MRI判断盆腔淋巴结转移的价值,发现FDG PET/CT判断淋巴结转移的总灵敏度、阳性预测值(positive predictive value,PPV)、阴性预测值(negative predictive value,NPV)和准确率分别为91.0% (61/67)、78.2% (61/78)、99.4% (1079/1085)和98.0%(1140/1163),均高于MRI的37.3% (25/67)、61.0% (25/41)、96.3% (1080/1122)和95.0%(1105/1163)(P<0.034)。Monteil等[10]研究40例ⅠA~ⅣA期颈癌患者,用MRI及FDG PET/CT评价盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结,发现在评价盆腔淋巴结转移方面,FDG PET/CT与MRI相近,而评价腹主动脉旁转移性淋巴结,FDG PET/CT更准确。然而,FDG PET/CT最具挑战性的问题是评价小的淋巴结时准确率不够。在一项多中心前瞻性研究中,237例患者FDG PET/CT显示腹主动脉旁淋巴结阴性,进行腹腔镜腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术并与病理结果对照,发现12%患者淋巴结有转移,尤其是当淋巴结<5 mm时更易出现漏诊[11]。
1.2 淋巴结最大标准摄取值与宫颈癌预后
FDG PET/CT参数还可有效评价无病生存期(disease free survival,DFS)、复发时间(time to recurrence,TTR)、总生存期(overall survival,OS)。Nakamura等[12]回顾性研究FDG PET/CT与MRI对宫颈癌患者的预后价值,比较宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结的最大标准摄取值(maximal standardized uptake value,SUVmax)和MRI最小表观弥散系数(minimum apparent diffusion coefficient,ADCmin)。那些盆腔淋巴结SUVmax较高的患者DFS及OS较低。Chung等[13]研究了FIGOⅠB~ⅡA期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结SUVmax值与复发的关系,多变量分析显示,淋巴结SUVmax值与宫旁浸润是患者宫颈癌复发的独立危险因素,并将淋巴结SUVmax=2.36作为复发与否的临界点(P<0.001)。此外,股后淋巴结转移也预示预后更差。Im等[14]总结了217例FIGO分期ⅠA2~ⅣA期宫颈癌患者PET/CT检查资料,评价股后淋巴结与病变的关系,认为股后淋巴结浸润的危险因素最高(HR=17.05,95% CI:5.34~54.44),与锁骨上淋巴结转移一样预后不佳,但较腹膜后腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移(HR=6.05,95% CI:2.18~16.81)预后更差。盆腔淋巴结SUV也可预示治疗响应、盆腔病变复发、病变残留和OS。Kidd等[15]分析了83例FIGO分期ⅠB1~ⅢB期宫颈癌患者,发现高的盆腔淋巴结SUV预示高的盆腔复发率(P=0.0035)及不良预后(P=0.0378)。在Cox比例危险率模型中,骨盆复发的危险因素包括盆腔淋巴结SUV、患者年龄、肿瘤分期,而骨盆淋巴结SUV增高是唯一的独立预测因素。除SUVmax外,PET/CT还有其他测量参数,如肿瘤代谢体积(metabolic tumor volume,MTV)可表示肿瘤有代谢活性部分的范围。Kim等[16]用SUVmax和MTV评价45例FIGO分期早期宫颈癌患者,MTV被证实为DFS的独立预后指标。
2 FDG PET/CT与疗效响应评估
FDG PET/CT的另一作用是评估肿瘤对治疗的反应。肿瘤经治疗后,FDG PET/CT的主要作用是区分有治疗响应与无治疗响应的患者。Yoon等[17]研究表明,在完全治疗响应患者中,3年DFS率明显高于无响应或部分治疗响应的患者(71% vs.18%),同样也适用于3年无远端转移生存率(79% vs.27%)。另一项研究表明,经过4个周期放化疗后行18F-FDG PET/CT显像,SUVmax减小程度≥60%预示好的治疗响应及好的无进展生存率[18]。Kidd等[19]研究入组了25例ⅠB1~ⅣA期宫颈癌患者,统计治疗前、后2周、治疗后4周的PET/CT参数(包括SUVmax、MTV),并与治疗后3个月的治疗响应比较。发现随着治疗时间延长,SUVmax较其他代谢指标改变更明显,能更敏感地反映疗效,并将治疗前和治疗后4周作为最好的预后响应评价时间。
3 FDG PET/CT与宫颈癌复发
大量报道显示,FDG PET/CT能更直观地观察局部复发及远处再发病变,在进一步确定治疗方案中也明显较增强CT及MRI更具优势。Chung等[20]利用18F-FDG PET/CT对52例临床、细胞、生化指标或常规影像学怀疑宫颈癌复发的患者进行检查,随后通过组织病理学检测或长期随访证实复发与否,发现PET/CT评价复发的PPV为87.5%,NPV为85%,其检测复发的灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为90.3%、81.0%和86.5%,从而改变了23.1%患者的进一步治疗计划。Mittra等[21]回顾性分析了30例宫颈恶性肿瘤治疗后并经PET/CT扫描的患者,其灵敏度、特异度、准确率、PPV和NPV分别为93%、93%、93%、86%和96%。Sironi等[22]选择宫颈癌术后患者,利用PET/CT检测治疗后宫颈癌的复发,其灵敏度、特异度、准确率、PPV和NPV分别为92.9%、100.0%、100.0%、91.7%和96.0%。因此,对于宫颈癌治疗后的患者,18F-FDG PET/CT的随访十分必要,其提供了病变解剖和葡萄糖代谢功能信息,可更准确及敏感地判断复发,改善治疗策略,从而提高患者的无瘤生存期及生存质量。
4 结语
从大量研究报道可发现,宫颈癌的T分期判断仍以增强CT及MRI为主,FDG PET/CT只能用于补充检查,而18F-FDG PET/CT显像的更重要优势在于通过SUVmax、MTV和病灶糖酵解总量等定量信息预测及评价患者的DFS、OS和TTR。对于进展期患者,FDG PET/CT检测远端转移的优势也较增强CT及MRI更明显,被纳入临床实践指南中[4]。在肿瘤复发监测及随访中,FDG PET/CT改变了大量患者的治疗策略,解决了增强CT及MRI疑惑的问题。另外,随着影像技术的发展及临床应用规模的扩大,PET与MRI的融合也将使宫颈癌患者的治疗及随访更加受益。
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