Maintaining Momentum

By+Yu+Lintao

Sino-U.S. relations have attracted unusual attention recently—not just because they have the worlds most important bilateral relationship， but also due to the unusual interaction between presidents of the two countries.

When Chinese President Xi Jinping and his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama had their first no-necktie summit at the Sunnylands estate in the United States in early June 2013， the two heads of state walked and talked alongside one another. After a 17-month interval， a similar informal meeting was held again between Xi and Obama in chilly November at the Zhongnanhai leadership compound in Beijing right after the 22nd Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Leaders Meeting.

The cordial atmosphere of the one-on-one meeting on November 11 is seemingly more helpful for the two presidents to open their minds and reach more points of consensus. After formal talks between Xi and Obama on the following day， an unprecedented joint plan was announced on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as well as other deals on visas， trade and military-to-military ties.

Observers said that the surprisingly long list of deals show that the joint commitment between the worlds two largest economies is crafting a new type of major-country relationship with important international implications.

Concrete deals

After long hours of talks between Xi and Obama on November 12， China and the United States announced their respective post-2020 goals for coping with climate change in a joint announcement.

Under the agreement， the United States would cut its 2005 level of carbon emissions by 26-28 percent before the year 2025. China intends to see the peak of carbon dioxide emissions around 2030 and increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20 percent by 2030.

As the worlds two largest economies and major emitters of greenhouse gases， the deal between China and the United States can inject momentum into the global climate negotiations and inspire other nations to join in coming forward with ambitious actions as soon as possible， said Jia Xiudong， a senior researcher with the China Institute of International Studies （CIIS）.

China was the first among developing countries to formulate and implement a national climate change program and has adopted a national plan to make sure that it will meet the target of cutting carbon intensity by 40 percent to 45 percent by 2020 from the 2005 level. In 2013， carbon intensity in China was down by 28.5 percent from the 2005 level， which was equivalent to a reduction of 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

Jia noted that other deals agreed to during the talks are also of milestone significance.

According to a joint statement by the two countries， China and the United States have agreed to continue to take the bilateral investment treaty negotiations as the most important issue regarding their economic relationship and will “input more resources” into the negotiations with a view to reaching a comprehensive high-standard bilateral investment treaty. Both sides also agreed to an extension of the validity of short-term business and tourist visas from one to 10 years， and of student visas from one to five years.

“If the high-standard bilateral investment treaty is finally made， it will be the first breakthrough over the tariff concession in the past 19 years within the WTO framework. It will probably help to increase peoples confidence in the WTO-sponsored multilateral negotiation mechanism，”said Jia.

Meanwhile， observers believe the new visa policy will enhance mutual understanding between Chinese and Americans.

“One of the major elements that make Sino-U.S. relations different from the U.S.-Soviet relations during the Cold War era is the close cultural and educational exchanges between China and the United States，” said Da Wei， Director of the Institute of American Studies under the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations （CICIR）. “The new visa policy will greatly facilitate the exchanges between Chinese and U.S. people. People-to-people exchanges also serve as a major pillar of the stable Sino-U.S. relations together with strategic mutual trust and economic cooperation.”

One day after the signing of the visa extension agreement， U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry handed out the first visas valid for entry within 10 years to a group of Chinese citizens at a ceremony at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing.

Kerry told the Chinese citizens with the new visas and people at the ceremony， “you are literally helping to write the next great chapter of the history between the United States and China.”

“This will pay huge dividends for American and Chinese citizens and it will strengthen both of our economies，” Kerry added.

A new type of relationship

The choice of Xi and Obama to meet informally before their formal talks is an indication of their growing personal friendship， said Chinese observers. They also believe that the long list of agreements sealed during Obamas China trip may mark the beginning of real progress toward a new type of major-country relationship.

Jia said that the Beijing summit of Xi and Obama has offered people of the two countries new aspiration for the stable development of bilateral ties. If Washington seizes the momentum to further deepen cooperation with Beijing， it will certainly ensure the two countries are on the right track， according to Jia.

Proposing the concept of new-type relationship a year ago， Beijing has demonstrated its readiness to help it materialize in ways that will coincide with the interests of both countries and peoples. Despite their differences on a number of issues， Chinese leaders have repeatedly expressed the belief that the two countries can achieve mutual benefits if they choose to engage with and not estrange each other.

During the November 12 meeting with Obama， Xi outlined six priorities in building a new type of major-country relationship between China and the United States—improving exchanges and communication between high-level officials in a bid to improve strategic trust； respecting each others sovereign and territorial integrity as well as political system and development path； deepening cooperation in all aspects； managing disputes and sensitive issues in a constructive manner； improving collaboration in the Asia-Pacific region； and jointly responding to regional and global challenges.

More importantly， Xi also stressed during the talks establishing “a new type of military relations” that suits the relationship between China and the United States.

During Obamas Beijing trip， defense departments of the two countries signed memorandums of understanding on establishing a mutual reporting mechanism on major military operations and a code of safe conduct on naval and air military encounters.

Jia said that the memorandums of understanding between the two defense departments are conducive to the deepening of mutual trust between the two militaries and reducing the risk of miscalculations that could spark conflicts.

Da held that a good military relationship is the key to the continued strengthening of China-U.S. relations. In the past， the so-called“China threat” has been overly hyped by the U.S. military for its expansion and staging troops in the Asia-Pacific region. A better military mutual understanding will likely minimize accidents， he said.

Observers said that it is high time for Obama， who is in the final two years of his presidency， to make concerted efforts with China to translate their shared vision of a major-country relationship into action， and leave a fine political legacy.

Professor Wang yiwei of the Beijing-based Renmin University of China noted that Obamas Democratic Party lost seats in the latest midterm election—leaving the Democrats as the minority party in both chambers of Congress—which will make it much harder for Obama to push his domestic policies.

“If Obama still wants to score some achievements and leave behind a political legacy in the last two years of his term， he should put more emphasis on foreign affairs， seeking cooperation with China to promote the settlement of hot issues such as nuclear non-proliferation， the Middle East peace talks and so on，” Wang said.