APP下载

中考英语热点考点归纳总结(四)

2014-11-18

中学生英语·中考指导版 2014年10期
关键词:语态被动语态辨析

1. experience

作名词时意为“经验;体验;经历;阅历”。作动词时意为“亲身参与;亲身经历;感受;发现”。

常见搭配有:

achieve experience 获得经验

add to ones experience 增长经验

afford experience 提供经验

face experience 面对经历

forget experience 忘记经历

get experience 获得经验

have experience 有经验

improve ones experience 增进经验

know by experience 从经验中懂得

learn from experience 从经验中学到

live ones experience 体验某人的感受

common experience 共同的经历

personal experience 亲身经历

private experience 个人经验

learning experience 学习经验

teaching experience 教学经验

working experience 工作经验

according to ones experience 根据经验

by experience 凭经验

from experience 凭经验

例如:

Did you experience an earthquake?你经历过地震吗?

【中考链接】

—Mrs. Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year.

—She said she would never forget some pleasant ______ while working there. (2011湖北黄冈)

A. experiments B. expressions

C. experiences D. emotions

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。根据句意“她说他将永远不会忘记她在那儿工作的愉快经历。”experience当经历讲时可数。故选C。

2. cause

作名词用时意为“原因;动机;(某种行为、感情等的)理由;缘故”。

作动词用时意为“成为……的原因;导致;引起;使遭受”。

常见搭配有:

cause an accident 造成事故

cause diseases 引起疾病

cause great pain 引起剧痛

cause much discussion 引起议论

cause ones death 导致死亡

cause trouble to sb. 给某人引起麻烦

cause suddenly 忽然引起

cause unavoidably 难免带来

cause by 由……造成

例如:

Smoking can cause many diseases. 吸烟会导致多种疾病。

【中考链接】

Every year driving after drinking wine ______ a lot of traffic accidents. (2011四川内江)

A. happens B. provides

C. causes

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。happen发生,前面是发生的事情;provide提供;cause引起,前面是原因,后面是结果。根据句意, 每年酒后驾车引起大量交通事故。故选C。

3. energy

意为“能量;活力;精力;精神”等。

例如:

Young people are always full of energy.年轻人总是精力旺盛。

【中考链接】

Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day and she is always full of _______. (2012河南)

A. knowledge B. energy

C. change D. courage

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词的辨析。knowledge意为“知识”;energy意为“能量;活力”,change意为“变化”;courage意为“勇气”。根据句意“詹妮弗每天做很多运动她总是充满能量”,可知答案选B。

4. voice, sound与noise

(1) voice作名词,意为“说话声;声音”,强调人发出的比较动听的声音。

例如:

She spoke to her mother in a soft voice.

与“声音”相关的词语还有noise和sound。

(2) noise作名词,指“噪音;声音”,强调人或事物发出比较嘈杂的声音。

例如:

Dont make any noise in class.

(3) sound作名词,表示“声音”,指所有的声音,既包括voice,也包括noise。作动词时,还可以表示“听起来”,后接形容词、名词、介词短语做表语。

例如:

She has a sweet voice.

It sounds great.

There is lots of noise in the street.

【中考链接】

—Listen, the music _______ sweet.

—Its Yesterday Once More, my favorite.

(2012福建福州)

A. sounds B. smells

C. feels

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查系动词用法。sound“听起来”;smell“闻起来”;feel“感觉”。句意为“听,这音乐听起来很甜美”。只有sound具有“听起来”的意思,故选A。

5. prefer

(1) prefer sth. 更喜欢某事

例如:

I prefer English.

(2) prefer doing / to do sth. 宁愿做某事

例如:

I prefer sitting / to sit.

(3) prefer sth. to sth. 同……相比更喜欢……

例如:

I prefer dogs to cats.

(4) prefer doing to doing 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事

例如:

I prefer walking to sitting.

(5) prefer to do rather than do 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事

例如:

I prefer to work rather than be free.

【中考链接】

—I like the program Man and Nature.

—But I _______ Sports News. (2012湖北荆州)

A. prefer B. want

C. choose D. miss

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。根据对话“——我喜欢人与自然的节目。——但是我更喜欢体育新闻”。故选A。

6. offer

(1) offer v. 给予,主动提供;出价,开价

offer to do sth. / offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.

offer sb. sth. for money 要价

offer sb some money for sth. 出价

例如:

We offered him the house for 100,000 dollars.

We offered him 100,000 dollars for the house.

(2) offer n. 提供;提议

例如:

a job offer 一个工作机会

thanks for your offer of help 谢谢你提供的帮助

take an offer 接受提议

【中考链接】

—The little girl ______ her seat to an old man on the bus.

—What a kind girl!(2011山东泰安)

A. brought B. offered

C. gave D. lent

答案:B

【解析】考查动词辨析。brought是“带来”的意思;offered是“提供” 的意思;gave 是“把某物给某人”;lent是“借给某人”。根据句意“小女孩把她的座位给了老人”,可知答案选B。

1. deal with

意为“惠顾; 与……交易;应付; 对待”。

例如:

Do you deal with the phone opening service here? 你们办理电话开户业务吗?

【中考链接】

—Many students dont know how to ______ stress and become worried.

—I think theyd better ask their teachers for help. (2010江苏南京)

A. argue with B. deal with

C. quarrel with D. come up with

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:很多学生不知道如何应对压力而变得忧虑。正确答案为B。

2. complain about

意为“抱怨……”。

例如:

The neighbours always complain about the noise. 邻居们总是抱怨噪音问题。

【中考链接】

More and more students ______ too much homework and they are really tired of it.

(2012江西)

A. complain about B. care about

C. learn about D. hear about

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。complain about“抱怨”;care about “关心,照顾”; learn about “学习”;hear about“听说”。根据句意“越来越多的学生抱怨有太多的作业,他们真的很累”。 正确答案为A。

3. make up

意为“组成;补足;弥补;编造”。

例如:

Make up dialogues according to the following situa-

tions. 按所给场景编对话。

【中考链接】

—What will they do to deal with the accident?

—Ten doctors and five nurses have _______ a medical team and will start out right now. (2010湖北咸宁)

A. worked out B. made up

C. helped out D. belonged to

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:十名医生和五名护士组建一支医疗队,马上出发。正确答案为B。

4. remind sb. of sb. / sth.

remind sb. of sb. / sth. 意为“使人回想起或意识到某人或某事物”。

其他短语:

remind oneself + 从句,意为“提醒自己……”

remind sb. to do sth. 意为“提醒(某人)注意某事或做某事”;remind sb. + 从句,意为“提醒某人有……”。

例如:

This reminded me of my days in this school.

Please remind me to get up at six tomorrow.

Dont forget to remind him that I would be at his home this evening.

【中考链接】

I like these photos and they can _______ me _______ the life living in the countryside.

A. think; of B. remind; of

C. let; down D. wake; up

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。think of“想出”;remind of “使……想起”;let down“使……失望”;wake up“叫醒”。根据句意“我喜欢这些照片,它们让我想起了乡村生活”,故选B。

5. worry about与be worried about

(1) worry about中的worry是动词,强调动作。

例如:

I worry about my uncle.

(2) be worried about中的worried是形容词,强调的是状态。be worried构成系表结构。

例如:

Im worried about my little brother.

【中考链接】

Harriet is lost and her parents are really _______ her. (2011江西)

A. interested in B. afraid of

C. busy with D. worried about

【答案】D

【解析】短语辨析 interested in “对……感兴趣”;afraid of “恐怕;害怕”;busy with“忙于做……”worried about“对……担心焦虑”。句意为:Harriet丢了,她的父母真的很担心她。正确答案为D。

6. let sb. down

意为“让某人失望”。

例如:

He has never let me down.

【中考链接】

—Mei will represent our class in the English Speech Contest.

—She is clever and can speak English really well. She will not _______.

(2011湖北黄冈)

A. knock into us B. care about us

C. let us down D. help us out

【答案】C

【解析】考查短语辨析。句意为:梅很聪明并且英语说得好。她不会让我们失望的。正确答案为C。

1. by的用法

(1) by作介词,意为“通过……方法或途径”。by后面可以加名词或动名词短语。by + doing意为“通过……方式”。

例如:

by studying with a group

by 还可以表示“在……旁;附近”;“在……期间”;“用”;“经过”;“乘车”等意。

例如:

I live by the river.

I have to go back by ten oclock.

The thief entered the room by the window.

The student went to the park by bus.

The house was destroyed by fire.

I study English by watching English movies.

travel by air / land / sea 航空 / 陆路 / 航海旅行

go by train / boat / bus 乘火车 / 船 / 公共汽车去

shake sb. by the hand 和某人握手(相当于shake hands with sb.)

(2) 我们已经学过by的一些用法,现总结如下:

① 在……旁边;附近

例如:

There is a power station by the river.

② 沿着;经由

例如:

come by the highway 由公路来

③ 由于

例如:

by mistake 由于差错

④ 被;由

例如:

some articles written by Luxun 一些由鲁迅写的文章

⑤ 逐个;逐批

例如:

one by one 一个接一个

【中考链接】

—How do you learn English words?

—_______ making flashcards. (2012贵州六盘水)

A. To B. By

C. For D. With

【答案】B

【解析】考查介词的用法。句意为“你怎么样学习英语单词的?”“通过做抽认卡”。by 意为“通过某种方式”,故选B。

2. 被动语态的构成形式

(1) 语态是英语动词的一种形式,是用于表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语语态分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)两种。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。

例如:

Yesterday I parked my car outside the school.

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

例如:

A sound of piano is heard in the hall.

(2) 被动语态的基本时态变化

① 在被动语态的句子中,谓语部分的结构是be + vt.p.p.(及物动词过去分词)。

被动语态通常为八种时态的被动形式。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:

a. 一般现在时 am / is / are + done

b. 现在完成时 has / have been done

c. 现在进行时 am / is / are being done

d. 一般过去时 was / were done

e. 过去完成时 had been done

f. 过去进行时 was / were being done

g. 一般将来时 shall / will be done

h. 过去将来时 should / would be done

② 一般来说,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态,只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态:

a. 当我们不知道动作的执行者的时候,例如:My car has been moved!

b. 当我们不必提出动作的执行者的时候,例如:I was born in 1960.

c. 当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者的时候,例如:She is liked by everybody.

③ 特殊的被动结构

a. 带情态动词的被动结构,它的固定句式为“情态动词+be+过去分词”。也有个别带to的情态动词例外,如:ought to和have to,它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。

例如:

The debt must be paid off before next month.

The debt has to be paid off before next month.

b. 带有两个宾语的主动语态变成被动语态。

give sb. sth., send sb. sth., buy sb. sth.。也可以说give sth. to sb., send sth. to sb., buy sth. for sb.。

例如:

She sent me a novel on my birthday.

I was sent a novel on my birthday.

A novel was sent to me on my birthday.

c. 关于带有复合宾语的主动语态变成被动语态。

例如:

The story made us laugh. (宾语补足语)

We were made to laugh by the story. (主语补足语)

d. 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。

例如:

Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.

A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

e. It is said that + 从句及其他类似句型。

一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It + be + 过去分词 + that从句”或“主语 + be + 过去分词 + to do sth.”。如:It is said / reported / believed / thought / suggested that ... 据说;据报道;大家相信;大家认为;据建议。It is hoped that ... 大家希望。It is well known that ... 众所周知。

f. 某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思。

例如:

This dictionary sells well.

This kind of car drives fast.

The woolen sweater costs $ 88.

(类似的词还有wash, read, happen, take place等)

【中考链接】

—Do you like reading books?

—Yes. Each of us _______ to do more reading in and after class. (2012江苏泰州)

A. are encouraged B. encourage

C. is encouraged D. is encouraging

【答案】C

【解析】考查被动语态,我们每个人被鼓励课后多读书,each做主语,谓语动词用单数形式,故选C。

3. 情态动词

(1) can (could)

① 表示能力,could主要指过去时间。

例如:

Two eyes can see more than one.

Could the girl read before she went to school?

② 表示可能(理论上或是逻辑判断上)。

例如:

He cant / couldnt have enough money for a new car.

You cant smoke while youre walking around in the wood. You could start a fire.

③ 表示允许。

例如:

Can I have a look at your new pen?

He asked whether he could take the book out of the reading room.

④ 表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。

例如:

Where can / could they have gone to?

How can you be so careless?

⑤ 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。

例如:

Can / Could you lend me a hand?

Im afraid we couldnt give you an answer today.

【中考链接】

—Can I borrow your dictionary?

—Yes, you _______. (2011湖南湘西)

A. can B. must

C. should

答案:A

【解析】考查情态动词上句用can问,再用can进行回答,构成进行时用“be + 现在分词”,所以选择答案A。

(2) may (might)

① 表允许。might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。

例如:

You may take whatever you like.

May / Might I ask for a photo of your baby?

在回答以may引导的问句时,多避免用这个词,而用其他方式,如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please dont. / Youd better not. / No, you mustnt.等。

② 表可能(事实上)。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气更加不肯定。

例如:

He may be at home.

She may not know about it.

【中考链接】

—Have you decided where to go for your summer vacation?

—Not yet. We _______ go to Qingdao. It is a good place for vacation. (2011山东威海)

A. may B. should

C. need D. must

答案:A

【解析】情态动词辨析。may意为“可能;可以”,表示猜测时,把握性不大;should意为“应该”;need指“需要”;must为“必须;可能;一定”,表猜测时把握性较大。由答语句意“还没定下来”和“(青岛)是个度假的好地方”可知为“可能”,故选A。

(3) must

① 表示义务。意为“必须”(主观意志)。

例如:

We must do everything step by step.

—Must we hand in our exercise books now?

—No, you neednt. / No, you dont have to.

② 表示揣测。意为“想必;准是;一定”等,只用于肯定句。

例如:

He must be ill. He looks so pale.

Shes wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.

③ mustnt 表示“不允许”。

例如:

We mustnt talk loudly here.

【中考链接】

—Must I be home before eight oclock, Mum?

—No, you _______. But you have to come back before ten oclock. (2011四川内江)

A. neednt B. cant

C. mustnt

答案:A

【解析】考查情态动词。must引导的一般疑问句,否定回答是neednt或dont have to,意为“不需要”。故选A。

1. 有关英语学习方法的问与答:

运用特殊疑问句:

—How do you study English? (你是怎样学英语的?)

—I study by listening to cassettes. (听录音带。)

—By studying with a group. (和小组一起学习。)

—By watching English programs on TV. (看英语电视节目。)

—By enjoying English songs. (听英文歌。)

—By taking part in English classes after school. (上课外英语班。)

—By getting an English tutor. (请英语家教。)

—By reading English magazines and newspaper. (读英文杂志、报纸。)

—By surfing the Internet. (网上冲浪。)

—By making flashcards. (制作单词认读卡片。)

—By reading the textbook. (读教科书。)

—By asking the teacher for help. (请教老师。)

—By making vocabulary lists. (列单词表。)

—By taking notes carefully. (认真记笔记。)

—By having the English class carefully. (认真上课。)

—By finishing my homework seriously. (认真完成作业。)

运用一般疑问句:

—Do you learn English by ...? (你是……学英语的吗?)

运用完成时态:

—Have you ever studied with a group? (你有小组学习过吗?)

—Yes, I have. Ive learned a lot that way. (是的,有过。通过那种方法我学到了很多。)

【中考链接】

—_______ do you study for a test?

—I study by working with a group. (2010湖北襄樊)

A. Where B. How

C. When D. Why

【答案】B

【解析】考查英语学习方法的问与答,应用How提问,故选B。

2. 谈论想象的情景:

(1) —What would you do if you had a million dollars?

—Id give it to charities.

(2) —I cant sleep the night before an exam. What should I do?

—If I were you, Id take a long walk before going to bed.

【中考链接】

—I dont know if Aunt Li _______ these “stay-home children” tomorrow morning.

—If I _______ her, I would come earlier. (2011四川内江)

A. will come to take care of; am

B. come to look after; were

C. will come to take care of; were

D. comes to come up with; am

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气的用法。根据题意:——我不知道李阿姨明天会不会来照顾这些留守儿童。——如果我是她,我会来早一点儿。句中第一个if表示“是否”的意思,引导宾语从句。第二个if用于虚拟语气中,从句使用过去式。故本题选C。

猜你喜欢

语态被动语态辨析
被动语态复习(The Paasive Voice) 九年级 Unit5—7
怎一个“乱”字了得!
——辨析“凌乱、混乱、胡乱、忙乱”
“论证说理”与“沟通说服”:高考论述类与实用类写作之异同辨析
被动语态
被动语态专项训练
被动语态考点大放送
动词的时态与语态题这样得高分
“媒介技术论”语态下的宗教形态与传播
动词的时态、语态
“征、伐、侵、袭、讨、攻”辨析