考虑产品碳排放约束的供应链协调机制研究
2014-11-11赵道致原白云徐春秋
赵道致 原白云 徐春秋
摘要:低碳环境下考虑产品碳排放约束,本文研究了由单个制造商和单个零售商组成的供应链的协调机制设计问题。假定产品市场需求受减排率影响,设计了由零售商驱动的收益共享契约进行供应链协调。首先分析了政府实施碳总量限制和排放交易政策下,零售商不提供契约时,制造商和零售商各自的利润;而后研究了零售商提供收益共享契约时双方的博弈决策过程,建立了以零售商为主方、制造商为从方的Stackelberg主从博弈模型,得到了制造商的最优减排率和零售商的最优分享比例;通过对比发现零售商提供收益共享契约后,能激励制造商提高产品的减排率,增加供应链双方的利润,实现了Pareto改进。
关键词:低碳;碳总量限制和排放交易;供应链;收益共享契约;零售商驱动
中图分类号:F274文献标识码:A文章编号:10035192(2014)05007605doi:10.11847/fj.33.5.76Abstract:In this paper, we study the coordination mechanism design of the supply chain which consists of one supplier and one retailer with the constraint of product carbon emissions. Based on the hypothesis that demand is affected by emission reduction rate, we develop a retailerdriven revenuesharing contract to coordinate the supply chain. Under the Cap and Trade regulation, we first analyze the optimal decision of supplier and retailer without the revenuesharing contract and then establish a Stackelberg game model where the retailer act as the leader and the manufacturer as the follower to obtain the optimal emission reduction rate and sharing ratio. By contrasting different situations, we show that revenuesharing contract can encourage the manufacturer to improve the emission reduction rate, increase the profit of the supply chain and realize the Pareto improvement.
Key words:lowcarbon; cap and trade; supply chain; revenuesharing contract; retailerdriven
1引言
近年来,各国政府、企业和学者已经形成共识,人类在经济活动中产生的碳排放是导致温室效应的主要根源。在低碳背景下,各国政府都在讨论减少温室气体排放的解决方案,欧盟于2005年制定的“排放交易方案”(EmissionsTrading Scheme, ETS)是碳交易机制的一种尝试[1]。目前中国已启动了包括上海在内的7个省市的碳排放交易试点,鼓励试点地区探索建立区域碳排放交易体系,因此探讨受碳排放约束的供应链协调问题具有重要的现实意义。
目前已有学者研究了减排对供应链企业运营的影响,Benjaafar等[2]在不同的碳排放限制政策下,探究了供应链内企业间联合减排对他们运营成本和碳排放的影响,提出了一些激励供应链上下游企业寻求合作减排的策略。Jaber等[3]研究了两阶段供应链中制造商和零售商联合减排的问题。陈剑[4]在对当前供应链管理研究现状综述的基础上,指出低碳时代供应链管理值得重点关注的几个重要方向,其中包括引入碳交易市场的供应链运作优化以及低碳供应链上不同利益主体间运作的协调与优化等,但这类文献没有考虑减排对产品需求的影响。实践中企业的减排行为一定程度上会影响产品的市场需求,Laroche等[5]研究表明,越来越多的消费者愿意为环保产品支付更高的价格。Brécarda 等[6]研究显示2008年75%的欧洲人打算购买昂贵的绿色产品,这表明了产品的环境因素会一定程度影响产品的需求。Liu等[7]研究发现随着消费者环境意识的增加,零售商和生产较高环境友好产品的制造商将从中获益。
在上述文献的基础上,本文考虑低碳环境下,单个制造商和单个零售商组成的两级供应链中,假定需求受产品减排率影响时,如何实现供应链的协调。收益共享契约是供应链协调中常用的策略[8],Jeuland和Shugan[9]指出收益共享契约可以实现供应商和零售商之间的协调。随后,不少学者分别从理论[10,11]和实证[12]的角度,论证了收益共享契约可以改善供应商和零售商的利润,实现供应链协调。Cachon和Lariviere[13]把收益共享契约与其他契约进行了比较,指出了收益共享契约的优点和局限性,奠定了供应链协调中收益共享契约的研究基础。近几年来,收益共享契约的研究逐步深化,一些文献分别从收益共享契约对供应链绩效影响[14]、动态的市场环境[15]以及零售商驱动[16]等角度深入探讨了收益共享契约,但这些文献均未涉及碳排放约束下收益共享契约的研究。
与以往文献不同,本文研究的是在低碳环境下,产品减排率由上游制造商的减排投入所决定,下游零售商不需要投入减排成本,而由于消费者低碳意识的增强,零售商面临的产品需求随产品减排率的增加而增加,使得零售商的利润随着减排率的增加而增加,因此零售商的利润一定程度上依赖于制造商的减排成本投入,零售商为了激励制造商加大减排投入,主动提出了收益共享契约。
4结论与展望
在实施碳排放总量限制和排放交易机制的低碳环境下,减排活动一方面将增加制造商的成本,另一方面减排之后的低碳产品将会带来市场需求的增加,因此零售商从自身利润最大化的角度出发,在生产期初向制造商提供了收益共享契约,承诺销售期末将减排增加的收益按一定比例返给制造商,分担制造商的减排成本,以激励制造商投入更多减排努力,提高产品减排率,实现供应链双方利润的增加。本文通过建立以零售商为主方、制造商为从方的Stackelberg主从博弈模型,推导出制造商的最佳减排率和零售商的最佳收益分享比例,对比了提供收益共享契约前后供应链双方的利润,发现低碳环境下零售商驱动的收益共享契约能够提高产品的碳减排率,增加双方的利润,实现双赢。
文中为了计算推导方便,假定需求是依赖减排率的确定性需求,而实际中需求更倾向于随机需求,因此低碳环境下考虑随机需求时,零售商如何提供收益共享契约将是我们进一步研究的问题。
参考文献:
[1]Pizer W A. Choosing price or quantity controls for greenhouse gases[A]. The RFF Guide to Climate Change Economics and Policy[C]. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 2003. 4654.
[2]Benjaafar S, Li Y, Daskin M. Carbon footprint and the management of supply chains: insights from simple models[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 2013, 10(1): 99116.[3]Jaber M Y, Glock C H, Saadany A. Supply chain coordination with emissions reduction incentives[J]. International Journal of Production Research, 2013, 51(1): 6982.
[4]陈剑.低碳供应链管理研究[J].系统管理学报,2012,21(6):721728.
[5]Laroche M, Bergeron J, BarbaroForleo G. Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentallyfriendly products[J]. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001, 18(6): 503520.
[6]Brécarda D, Hlaimib B, Lucasa S. Determinants of demand for green products: an application to ecolabel demand for fish in Europe[J]. Ecological Economics, 2009, 69(1): 115125.
[7]Liu Z, Anderson T D, Cruz J M. Consumer environmental awareness and competition in twostage supply chains[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2012, 218(3): 602613.
[8]Cachon G P, Lariviere M A. Turning the supply chain into a revenue chain[J]. Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79(3): 2021.
[9]Jeuland A P, Shugan S M. Managing channel profits[J]. Marketing Science, 1983, 2(3): 239272.
[10]Wang Y, Li J, Shen Z. Channel performance under consignment contract with revenue sharing[J]. Management Science, 2004, 50(1): 3447.
[11]Xiao T, Yang D. Price and service competition of supply chains with riskaverse retailers under demand uncertainty[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2008, 114(1): 187200.
[12]Mortimer J H. Vertical contracts in the video rental industry[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 2008, 75(1): 165199.
[13]Cachon G P, Lariviere M A. Supply chain coordination with revenuesharing contracts: strengths and limitations[J]. Management Science, 2005, 51(1): 3044.
[14]Li S, Zhu Z, Huang L. Supply chain coordination and decision making under consignment contract with revenue sharing[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2009, 120(1): 8899.
[15]郭小云,王淳勇,王圣东.动态市场环境下基于收益共享契约的供应链协调模型[J].系统管理学报,2011,20(4):433441.
[16]周小明,朱云龙,朱珠,等.多对一供应链零售商驱动型收入共享契约下的生产决策[J].控制与决策,2009,24(9):13611366.
4结论与展望
在实施碳排放总量限制和排放交易机制的低碳环境下,减排活动一方面将增加制造商的成本,另一方面减排之后的低碳产品将会带来市场需求的增加,因此零售商从自身利润最大化的角度出发,在生产期初向制造商提供了收益共享契约,承诺销售期末将减排增加的收益按一定比例返给制造商,分担制造商的减排成本,以激励制造商投入更多减排努力,提高产品减排率,实现供应链双方利润的增加。本文通过建立以零售商为主方、制造商为从方的Stackelberg主从博弈模型,推导出制造商的最佳减排率和零售商的最佳收益分享比例,对比了提供收益共享契约前后供应链双方的利润,发现低碳环境下零售商驱动的收益共享契约能够提高产品的碳减排率,增加双方的利润,实现双赢。
文中为了计算推导方便,假定需求是依赖减排率的确定性需求,而实际中需求更倾向于随机需求,因此低碳环境下考虑随机需求时,零售商如何提供收益共享契约将是我们进一步研究的问题。
参考文献:
[1]Pizer W A. Choosing price or quantity controls for greenhouse gases[A]. The RFF Guide to Climate Change Economics and Policy[C]. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 2003. 4654.
[2]Benjaafar S, Li Y, Daskin M. Carbon footprint and the management of supply chains: insights from simple models[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 2013, 10(1): 99116.[3]Jaber M Y, Glock C H, Saadany A. Supply chain coordination with emissions reduction incentives[J]. International Journal of Production Research, 2013, 51(1): 6982.
[4]陈剑.低碳供应链管理研究[J].系统管理学报,2012,21(6):721728.
[5]Laroche M, Bergeron J, BarbaroForleo G. Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentallyfriendly products[J]. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001, 18(6): 503520.
[6]Brécarda D, Hlaimib B, Lucasa S. Determinants of demand for green products: an application to ecolabel demand for fish in Europe[J]. Ecological Economics, 2009, 69(1): 115125.
[7]Liu Z, Anderson T D, Cruz J M. Consumer environmental awareness and competition in twostage supply chains[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2012, 218(3): 602613.
[8]Cachon G P, Lariviere M A. Turning the supply chain into a revenue chain[J]. Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79(3): 2021.
[9]Jeuland A P, Shugan S M. Managing channel profits[J]. Marketing Science, 1983, 2(3): 239272.
[10]Wang Y, Li J, Shen Z. Channel performance under consignment contract with revenue sharing[J]. Management Science, 2004, 50(1): 3447.
[11]Xiao T, Yang D. Price and service competition of supply chains with riskaverse retailers under demand uncertainty[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2008, 114(1): 187200.
[12]Mortimer J H. Vertical contracts in the video rental industry[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 2008, 75(1): 165199.
[13]Cachon G P, Lariviere M A. Supply chain coordination with revenuesharing contracts: strengths and limitations[J]. Management Science, 2005, 51(1): 3044.
[14]Li S, Zhu Z, Huang L. Supply chain coordination and decision making under consignment contract with revenue sharing[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2009, 120(1): 8899.
[15]郭小云,王淳勇,王圣东.动态市场环境下基于收益共享契约的供应链协调模型[J].系统管理学报,2011,20(4):433441.
[16]周小明,朱云龙,朱珠,等.多对一供应链零售商驱动型收入共享契约下的生产决策[J].控制与决策,2009,24(9):13611366.
4结论与展望
在实施碳排放总量限制和排放交易机制的低碳环境下,减排活动一方面将增加制造商的成本,另一方面减排之后的低碳产品将会带来市场需求的增加,因此零售商从自身利润最大化的角度出发,在生产期初向制造商提供了收益共享契约,承诺销售期末将减排增加的收益按一定比例返给制造商,分担制造商的减排成本,以激励制造商投入更多减排努力,提高产品减排率,实现供应链双方利润的增加。本文通过建立以零售商为主方、制造商为从方的Stackelberg主从博弈模型,推导出制造商的最佳减排率和零售商的最佳收益分享比例,对比了提供收益共享契约前后供应链双方的利润,发现低碳环境下零售商驱动的收益共享契约能够提高产品的碳减排率,增加双方的利润,实现双赢。
文中为了计算推导方便,假定需求是依赖减排率的确定性需求,而实际中需求更倾向于随机需求,因此低碳环境下考虑随机需求时,零售商如何提供收益共享契约将是我们进一步研究的问题。
参考文献:
[1]Pizer W A. Choosing price or quantity controls for greenhouse gases[A]. The RFF Guide to Climate Change Economics and Policy[C]. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 2003. 4654.
[2]Benjaafar S, Li Y, Daskin M. Carbon footprint and the management of supply chains: insights from simple models[J]. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 2013, 10(1): 99116.[3]Jaber M Y, Glock C H, Saadany A. Supply chain coordination with emissions reduction incentives[J]. International Journal of Production Research, 2013, 51(1): 6982.
[4]陈剑.低碳供应链管理研究[J].系统管理学报,2012,21(6):721728.
[5]Laroche M, Bergeron J, BarbaroForleo G. Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentallyfriendly products[J]. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2001, 18(6): 503520.
[6]Brécarda D, Hlaimib B, Lucasa S. Determinants of demand for green products: an application to ecolabel demand for fish in Europe[J]. Ecological Economics, 2009, 69(1): 115125.
[7]Liu Z, Anderson T D, Cruz J M. Consumer environmental awareness and competition in twostage supply chains[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2012, 218(3): 602613.
[8]Cachon G P, Lariviere M A. Turning the supply chain into a revenue chain[J]. Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79(3): 2021.
[9]Jeuland A P, Shugan S M. Managing channel profits[J]. Marketing Science, 1983, 2(3): 239272.
[10]Wang Y, Li J, Shen Z. Channel performance under consignment contract with revenue sharing[J]. Management Science, 2004, 50(1): 3447.
[11]Xiao T, Yang D. Price and service competition of supply chains with riskaverse retailers under demand uncertainty[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2008, 114(1): 187200.
[12]Mortimer J H. Vertical contracts in the video rental industry[J]. The Review of Economic Studies, 2008, 75(1): 165199.
[13]Cachon G P, Lariviere M A. Supply chain coordination with revenuesharing contracts: strengths and limitations[J]. Management Science, 2005, 51(1): 3044.
[14]Li S, Zhu Z, Huang L. Supply chain coordination and decision making under consignment contract with revenue sharing[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2009, 120(1): 8899.
[15]郭小云,王淳勇,王圣东.动态市场环境下基于收益共享契约的供应链协调模型[J].系统管理学报,2011,20(4):433441.
[16]周小明,朱云龙,朱珠,等.多对一供应链零售商驱动型收入共享契约下的生产决策[J].控制与决策,2009,24(9):13611366.