Some special solvable subgroups of SL(n,C) and their application

(Mathematics Department, Tianhua College of Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201815, China)

Some special solvable subgroups ofSL(n,C) and their application

FUChunhong

(Mathematics Department, Tianhua College of Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201815, China)

It is well known that Fuchsian equations have widespread and important application in mathematical physics problems. Therefore the research on the judgment of integrability for some given Fuchsian equations has significance both in theory and application. By Khovanskiy theorem, the problem on judging the integrability of Fuchsian equations can be changed into deducing the corresponding monodromy groups and checking their solvability. But as the theory is still imperfect, up to now, no effective method has been introduced to resolve this problem for a certain Fuchsian equation. In this paper, the author gives several classes of special solvable subgroups inSL(n,C), and their application for Fuchsian systems. By the relation between the solvability of monodromy group and the integrability of Fuchsian equations, the conclusion is if solution of Riemann surface of Fuchsian system is a surface of two dimensional bounded closed mainfold with getting rid of poles, where the number of poles is finite, then monodromy group of this system must be finite and linear. Especially, if generated elements satisfy the condition of the theorems in the paper, the monodromy group must be solvable. Thus the system is integral in quadratures.

integrability; Fuchsian equation; monodromy group; solvable group; special linear group

It is well known that Fuchsian equations have widespread and the important application in the mathematical physics problems. Therefore the research on the judgment of integrability for some given Fuchsian equations has significance both in theory and application. By Khovanskiy theorem[1], the problem on judging the integrability of Fuchsian equations can be changed into deducing the corresponding monodromy groups and checking their solvability. But as the theory is still imperfect, up to now, no effective method has been introduced to resolve this problem for a certain Fuchsian equation.

Article[2-4] discussed the structure of solvable subgroup ofSL(2,C) and a class ofSL(3,C), and integrability of Fuchsian equations on torusT2. In this paper, we will introduce some subgroups ofSL(n,C) and obtain several classes of solvable subgroups, then we apply them into Fuchsian system.

1Themainresults

LetCis the complex field.SL(n,C) isn-order special linear group inC, i.e.

SL(n,C)={A∈Cm×n|detA=1}

Let

ObviouslyKis a subgroup ofSL(n,C). Assume that elementAandBbelong toK. LetG=〈A,B〉, and is a subgroup ofSL(n,C) that generated byAandB. The main theorems are as follows:

Theorem1 LetG=〈A,B〉 is a subgroup ofSL(n,C), thenGis a solvable group if and only ifAandBbelong to one of the following cases:

1)AandBmay be simultaneously similar to upper (lower) triangular matrix.

2) There exists a nonsingular matrixP, such that

Theorem2 LetA1,A2,…,Al∈SL(n,C),l∈N

whereMis∈H,1≤i≤l,1≤s≤k.

ThenG=〈A1,A2,…,Al〉is a solvable group.

2Lemmasandproofofthemaintheorems

Lemma2[6]LetT(n,C) is a group of all upper triangular matrices ofGL(n,C). ThenT(n,C) is solvable.

Lemma3[6]LetGis a non-cyclic free group, thenG′ is a free group with infinite rank (G′ is the derived group ofG).

Lemma4 Each element ofKmay be unique expressed by one of the following two forms:

or

It is easy to verify this proposition is true by Bruhat Decomposition theorem[7]

Lemma5AandBmay be simultaneously similar to upper(lower) triangular matrices if and only if there is a same eigenvectors of 2-order sequential principal submatrix ofAandB.

In fact, obviously the necessity is right. The next step we will verify the sufficiency is true. Let 2-order sequential sub-matrices ofAandBareA2,B2. Assume there is a same eigenvector.

By ref[2], there exists a nonsingular matrixP2∈GL(n,C) such that

Proofoftheorem1 We divided the problem into three cases:

1) IfAandBare simultaneously similar to upper(lower) triangular matrix. By lemma 1,2,G=〈A,B〉 is solvable.

IfAandBare different from case 1). Without loss of generality, by lemma 4 we may let

Since〈A,B〉={An1Bm1An2Bm2…AnkBmk|ni,mi∈Z,i∈N}, by (1) we can conclude

〈A,B〉={AnBm|n,m∈Z}

and 〈A,B〉′≤〈A〉. Since 〈A〉 is a cyclic group, thereforeG″≤〈A〉′=In. Thus result is effective.

Therefore by (2)

LetG1=〈A,A1〉=〈A,BAB-1〉. ThenG1is a normal subgroup ofGandG/G1=〈A,B〉/〈A,A1〉≅{Bm|m∈Z} SinceB4=In, so

G/G1≅{In,B,B2,B3}

and

By case 3), we can easy to verifyG=〈A,B〉is not solvable. So letG=〈A,B〉 is solvable if and only if one of the two cases of theorem 1 takes place. Until now, the proof is completed.

Lastly, it’s not difficult for us to prove theorem 2 by operational properties of partitioned matrix and main results in ref[2].

3SolvabilityofmonodromygroupandintegrabilityofFuchsianequations

Generally, letn-order Fuchsian system as follows:

whereρi(z)(1≤i≤n) is meromorphic function.

By Khovanskiy theorem, if monodromy group of solutions has a solvable normal divisor of finite index, then eq.(*) must be integral in quadratures. This means that the solution of the system can be expressed in terms of the coefficient functions by solving algebraic equations, integrations and compositions with entire functions by several times.

We know that orientable two-dimensional closed mainfolds include spherical surface, torus, double torus, many torus and so on, and linear representation groups of homotopy groups are finite generated linear groups on that. So we obtain theorem 3 as follows:

Theorem3 If solution of Riemann surface of Fuchsian system is a surface of two dimensional bounded closed mainfold with getting rid of poles, where the number of poles is finite, then monodromy group of this system must be finite and linear. Especially, if generated elements satisfy the condition of theorem 1 or theorem 2, the monodromy group must be solvable. Thus the system is integral in quadratures.

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1673-5862(2014)04-0529-04

SL(n,C)中的一些特殊可解子群及应用

付 春 红

(上海师范大学天华学院 数学教研室, 上海 201815)

Fuchs方程在许多物理问题中有着广泛而重要的应用,所以判定给定的Fuchs方程的可积性及解的性质在理论与应用中都有意义。根据Khovanskiy定理,Fuchs方程的可积性判定问题可转化为对其单值群的计算并判断其可解性,但由于这方面理论及计算的发展尚不完善。到目前为止,对任意给定的Fuchs方程,并不存在行之有效的方法求出单值群以及判断其可解性。给出了SL(n;C)中的几类特殊可解子群,并应用于Fuchs系统.由Fuchs方程的单值群的可解性与其可积性的关系,得出结论,若Fuchs系统解的Riemann曲面是二维有界闭流形上除去有限个极点的曲面,则其单值群必然是有限生成的线性群。特别若生成元满足本文所列之条件,则单值群必可解,从而Fuchs方程可积。

可积性; Fuchs方程; 单值群; 可解群; 特殊线性群

date: 2014-02-16.

O151Documentcode: A

10.3969/ j.issn.1673-5862.2014.04.015

Supported: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19671009).

Biography: FU Chunhong(1980-),female, lecturer of Tianhua College of Shanghai Normal University, master degree.