高中英语常见派生词总汇
2014-08-07华小红
华小红
我们知道,能够熟记常见的前缀或后缀,掌握派生构词法,不但可以扩大词汇量,扫清阅读理解的障碍,而且对我们做语法填空也非常有用,另外,对写作也大有裨益。以下是笔者整理的人教版必修1到选修8的常见词汇的派生词,供同学们参考。
一、动词变名词
1. 在词尾加sion
extend扩充,延伸—extension
explode使爆炸—explosion
permit许可,允许—permission
admit承认,接纳—admission
express表达,表示—expression
discuss讨论,论述—discussion
decide决定,判决—decision
depress使沮丧,使消沉—depression
confuse搞乱,使糊涂—confusion
revise修订,校订,修正—revision
divide分,划分,隔开—division
conclude作出结论—conclusion
possess占有,拥有—possession
tense紧张的—tension
2. 在词尾加ation
starve使饿死—starvation
invite邀请—invitation
inspire鼓舞,启示—inspiration
hesitate犹豫,踌躇—hesitation
expect期待,预期—expectation
adapt使适应,改编—adaptation
organize组织—organization
relax使松驰,缓和—relaxation
image想象—imagination
3. 在词尾加tion
pronounce发音,断言—pronunciation
prepare准备—preparation
describe描写,记述—description
repeat重做,复述—repetition
compete比赛,竞争—competition
separate分开,隔离—separation
explore探险,探测—exploration
appreciate赏识,鉴赏—appreciation
attract吸引—attraction
satisfy满足,使满意—satisfaction
explain解释,说明—explanation
solve解决,解答—solution
graduate毕业—graduation
determine决定,确定—determination
contribute捐献—contribution
congratulate祝贺—congratulation
concentrate全神贯注—concentration
communicate沟通,通信—communication
pollute弄脏,污染—pollution
invent发明,创造—invention
operate运转,操作—operation
protect保护—protection
promote促进,提升—promotion
destruct破坏—destruction
predict预知,预言,预报—prediction
translate翻译,解释—translation
create创造,引起—creation
instruct教,教导—instruction
devote投入于,献身—devotion
exhibit展出,陈列—exhibition
considerate考虑周到的—consideration
regular规则的—regulation
connect连接,联合—connection
suggest建议,提出—suggestion
educate教育—education
receive收到,接到—reception
celebrate庆祝,祝贺—celebration
examine检查,考试—examination
accelerate加速,促进—acceleration
associate使联合—association
restrict限制,约束—restriction
decorate装饰—decoration
apply申请,请求—application
4. 在词尾加-ance
tolerate忍受,容忍—tolerance
accept接受,认可—acceptance
allow允许,承认—allowance
appear出现,显现—appearance
perform执行,履行—performance
attend出席,参加—attendance
enter进入;开始—entrance
assist帮助;援助—assistance
guide引路;指导—guidance
insure保证;确保—insurance
5. 在词尾加ment
amuse使发笑,使愉快—amusement
amaze使吃惊—amazement
argue争论,辩论—argument
manage管理,控制—management
develop发展,发达—development
appoint约定,任命,委任appointment
judge审理,鉴定,判断—judgement
achieve完成,达到—achievement
announce宣布,通告—announcement
advertise登广告—advertisement
settle安家,定居,解决—settlement
adjust调整,调节—adjustment
arrange安排,排列—arrangement
assign分配,指派—assignment
punish惩罚,处罚—punishment
commit犯(错误),干(坏事)—commitment
assess估定,评定—assessment
equip装备,配备—equipment
excite使兴奋,使激动—excitement
treat视为,对待,治疗—treatment
govern统治,支配,管理—government
encourage鼓励,鼓励—encouragement
disagree不一致—disagreement
disappoint使失望—disappointment
embarrass使困窘—embarrassment
employ雇用,使用—employment
move移动,感动—movement
(注意:除argue—argument外,这一类动词的词尾e不去掉,直接加-ment)
6. 词尾去e加al
survive幸免于,幸存,—survival
propose建议,向……提议—proposal
refuse拒绝,谢绝—refusal
approve赞成,批准,—approval
disapprove不赞成,不批准,—disapproval
arrive到达,抵达—arrival
remove移动,开除—removal
7. 在词尾加t
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weigh称重,重达—weight
complain抱怨—complaint
8. 在词尾加ant(主要指人的)
apply申请,应用—applicant申请者
assist援助—assistant助手
account解释,说明—accountant会计师
consult咨询—consultant顾问
claim声称;断言—claimant原告
immigrate移民—immigrant
serve招待,服务—servant仆人
attend出席,参加—attendant服务人员
participate参加—participant参与者
9. 在词尾加ure
fail失败,不及格—failure
press压,逼迫—pressure
please使喜欢—pleasure
10. 在词尾加ence
exist存在,生存—existence
prefer更喜欢—preference
insist坚持—insistence
persist坚持—persistence
differ相异—difference
11. 在词尾加age
marry娶,嫁,和……结婚—marriage
store贮藏,贮备—storage
pack包装—package
cover覆盖—coverage
leak漏出;透露—leakage
二、形容词变名词
1. 以-ity或者-ty结尾
responsible负责任的—responsibility
possible可能的—possibility
impossible不可能的—possibility
disabled残疾的—disability
curious好奇的—curiosity
generous慷慨的—generosity
various各种各样的—variety
equal平等的—equality
real真实的—reality
personal个人的—personality
popular流行的—popularity
necessary必要的—necessity
cruel残酷的—cruelty
loyal忠诚的—loyalty
safe安全的,可靠的—safety
poor贫穷的,可怜的—poverty
2. 形容词变名词,在词尾加ness
kind友善的—kindness仁慈,亲切,好意
bright明亮的—brightness光亮,明亮,聪明
selfish自私的—selfishness自私自利
selfish无私的—selflessness无私
happy开心的—happiness幸福,快乐
dark黑暗的—darkness黑暗,漆黑
careless粗心的—carelessness粗心
careful细心的—carefulness仔细,慎重
sick恶心的—sickness疾病,呕吐
weak虚弱的—weakness虚弱,弱点,缺点
useful有用的—usefulness有用,有效性
polite礼貌的—politeness有礼,优雅
blind眼盲的—blindness失明
deaf耳聋的—deafness聋
calm镇定的—calmness平静,冷静,镇静
lazy懒惰的—laziness怠惰,无精打采
lonely孤单的—loneliness孤独,寂寞
3. 形容词变名词,把词尾字母t改成ce
convenient便利的,方便的—convenience
patient忍耐的,耐心的—patience
impatient不耐烦的,不耐心的—impatience
different不同的—difference
silent寂静的,沉默的—silence
confident自信的,确信的—confidence
absent不在的,缺席的—absence
important重要的,重大的—importance
significant有意义的,重大的—significance
present现在的,出席的—presence
independent独立自主的—independence
intelligent聪明的,有才智的—intelligence
brilliant灿烂的,闪耀的,有才气的—brilliance
evident明显的,显然的—evidence
elegant文雅的,端庄的—elegance
distant远的—distance
excellent卓越的,极好的—excellence
violent猛烈的,暴力的—violence
competent有能力的—competence
relevant有关的,相应的—relevance
4. 形容词变名词,以th结尾的
true—truth事实,真理
young—youth青春,青年时期
deep—depth深度
wide—width宽度,宽广
long—length长度,
strong—-strength力量,力气
warm—warmth暖和,热心
dead—death死,死亡
grow—growth生长,种植
5. 以ist结尾表人的名词
art—artist艺术家,画家
novel—novelist小说家
violin—violinist小提琴家
tour—tourist旅行者,旅游者
special—specialist专家
piano—pianist钢琴家
type—typist打字员
cycle—cyclist骑脚踏车的人
science—scientist科学家
society—socialist社会主义者
physics—physicist物理学者
receive—receptionist招待员
chemistry—chemist化学家,药剂师
optimism—optimist乐观者
pessimism—pessimist悲观主义者
communism—communist共产主义者
三、名词变为以ous结尾的形容词
religion宗教,信仰—religious
variety变化,多样性—various
caution小心,谨慎—cautious
nutrition营养—nutritious
adventure冒险—adventurous
danger危险—dangerous
poison毒药—poisonous
luxury奢侈,豪华—luxurious
harmony和谐—harmonious
envy嫉妒—envious
prosperity繁荣,昌盛—prosperous
四、名词变为以cal结尾的形容词
medicine—medical医学的,内科的
origin—original最初的,独创的
finance—financial财政的,金融的
practice—practical实际的,实用的
crime—criminal罪犯,犯罪者
chemistry—chemical化学的
tradition—traditional传统的,惯例的
person—personal私人的,个人的
occasion—occasional偶然的
profession—professional专业的
agriculture—agricultural农业的
nation—national国家的,民族的
nature—natural自然的,自然界的
condition—conditional有条件的
globe —global 球形的, 全球的
music —musical音乐的
benefit —beneficial 有益的
face —facial面部的
politics —political政治的
history —historical历史的
influence —influential有影响力的
(作者单位:中山市第一中学)
责任编校蒋小青
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