基于耕作半径合理布局居民点研究
2014-07-29唐丽静王冬艳王霖琳
唐丽静 王冬艳 王霖琳
摘要 城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目实施过程中涉及村庄合并,农村居民点合理布局的前提是保证村民有足够的田间作业时间,因此合理耕作半径的确定是城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目实施首先需要解决的问题之一。本文在综合考虑影响耕作半径的自然、社会、经济及土地利用因素的基础上,分析了影响因素与耕作半径之间的作用机制,确定了耕作半径的决定性因素。以沂源县鲁村镇增减挂钩项目区为研究对象,对其合理耕作半径进行测算,结果表明,该研究区合理耕作半径为3.2 km,即与建新村距离3.2 km以内耕地所涉及的村庄可以作为拆旧村庄向建新村合并。现阶段,非人力出行方式及机械化农用工具使用比重在研究区较低,提高高速度交通工具使用比例和广泛应用机械化农用工具是缓解耕作半径限制的重要途径。
关键词 耕作半径;影响因素;模型;城乡建设用地增减挂钩
中图分类号 F301文献标识码 A 文章编号 1002-2104(2014)06-0059-06 doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201406009
为推进农村建设用地整理,促进土地节约集约利用,我国推行城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策。增减挂钩项目实施涉及村庄合并,项目实施前需对项目区内农村居民点分布进行科学规划。从增减挂钩项目实施情况来看[1-2],农村居民点布局的随意性会对村民耕作造成不便。为保证村民有足够的田间作业时间,农村居民点与耕作地块之间的距离需合理,农村居民点与耕作地块的关系反映在耕作半径上[3-18]。结合目前农村居民点布局相关研究,国外学者着重分析农村居民点分布的合理性[19-20],国内研究大部分集中在农村居民点分布特征,农村居民点整理模式、潜力估算及布局优化等方面[21-31],这些研究大多侧重于定性分析,结合城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策并且以耕作半径为依托对项目区农村居民点进行合理布局的定量研究较少。耕作半径是影响农村居民点布局的重要因素之一[32-37],合理耕作半径的确定成为农村居民点布局是否合理的关键,因此有必要对合理耕作半径的确定方法进行系统研究。总结耕作半径的研究进展,以时间半径代替耕作半径或以缓冲区半径代替耕作半径的方法较多,也有学者试图建立耕作半径模型[32]。本文在前人研究基础上构建了耕作半径模型,用以确定耕作半径合理范围,一方面为同类研究提供案例,同时以期为增减挂钩项目区农村居民点布局合理化提供依据。
1 耕作半径影响因素分析
影响耕作半径的因素很多,从目前国内外耕作半径的研究成果[3-8,33-34]上来看,主要有四个方面,即自然因素、社会因素、经济因素、土地利用因素。
自然因素中主要是地形地貌,即不同的地形地貌类型对农业耕作半径的约束不同。如在平原地区,地势平坦,村民耕作出行较为方便,对耕作半径的约束性较丘陵、山区小。
社会因素中主要是村民生活方式和劳动力。村民生活方式经历史积淀已形成一定规律性,耕作作息时间与耕作半径息息相关。劳动力数量多,人均耕地面积减少,劳动力素质提高,能充分发挥劳动力作用,有利于提高田间作业效率,减少田间作业时间,扩大耕作半径。同时,道路硬化率增加,提高出行便利度,释放耕作半径。
影响耕作半径的经济因素,则主要有农作物种植类型、交通工具的优劣和农用工具机械化水平。农作物种植类型是农业经济结构中的一部分,不同类型的农作物所需的农业活动方式不同。从深翻土地、播种、管理到收获,蔬菜作物需要精耕细作,田间作业时间较长,其次依次为果类、粮食作物、经济作物。以蔬菜作物为主的地区,耕作半径小,以经济作物为主的地区,耕作半径会增加。同时,农民出行主要是步行或者使用拖拉机、自行车、摩托车等,高速度交通工具比例高,缩短路途时间;农用工具机械化水平高,田间作业效率提高,缩短田间作业时间,耕作半径就大。
从土地利用的角度出发,耕地规模大,耕作半径需要适当减小。村民经营耕作地块间隔远,耗费时间长,耕作半径对应减小。
2 案例分析
2.1 研究区基本概况
沂源县地处鲁中山区腹地、泰山东部、沂蒙山区西北部边缘,山东省淄博市的最南端,东经117°54′-118°31′,北纬35°55′-36°23′,县域总面积1 735.85 km2,以低山和丘陵为主,占全县总面积的98.9%,低山坡度30°-45°,丘陵坡度10°-20°。农用地利用以果业为主,其次为蔬菜作物、粮食作物。全县农业劳动力约27.3万人,男女比例1∶1.5,耕地总面积37 724.67 hm2,人均耕地面积0.138 hm2。近年来,沂源县采取“合作社+基地+农户”经营模式,扶持发展龙头产业,年增产值2 800万元,带动农户3万户,实现增收3 600万元。本次研究对象为沂源县鲁村镇增减挂钩项目,项目区总面积5 781.1 hm2,其中耕地面积1 939.01 hm2,项目区总人口数约2.09万人,项目实施周期为3年。
2.2 数据来源
本文数据来源包括2012年1∶5万土地利用现状图,沂源县统计年鉴(2012)和实地调查数据。实地调查采用实地走访与发放问卷相结合的方式,发放问卷1 000份,收回问卷957份,其中有效问卷871份。问卷调查表见表2。
3 结论与政策启示
本文通过上述研究,得到以下几方面的认识:
(1)耕作半径主要受自然、经济、社会以及土地利用等四个方面因素的影响,自然因素主要受地形地貌的影响;社会因素则与村民生活方式和劳动力有关;经济因素主要包含农作物类型、交通工具的优劣及农用工具机械化水平三个方面;在土地利用方面耕作半径则受耕地利用规模及村民经营地块间距离等因素的影响。影响耕作半径的决定性因素为交通工具的优劣及农用工具机械化水平。
(2)耕作半径主要表现为距离,即时间与出行速度最终决定耕作半径的大小,因此将影响因素归并为时间因子和速度因子,构建耕作半径计算模型,量化耕作半径的大小。
(3)现阶段,沂源县鲁村镇增减挂钩项目区合理耕作半径上限为3.2 km,即项目区内与建新区距离3.2 km以
内耕地所涉及的村庄可以作为拆旧村庄将居民点合并到建新村统一建设居住。
(4)城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目的实施要以农民利益为前提,保证土地产出首先要保证足够的田间作业时间。沂源县地处山区,自然条件在一定程度上给村民耕作出行造成局限性,因此提高高速度交通工具使用比例和广泛应用机械化农用工具是缓解耕作半径限制的重要途径。目前,非人力出行方式及机械化农用工具使用比重在研究区较低,加大农村基础设施资金投入改善农村交通等基础设施条件,加快土地流转,提高土地规模化经营水平是促进城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策顺利实施的有效方法。
(编辑:徐天祥)
参考文献(References)
[1]曲衍波,张凤荣,姜广辉,等.农村居民点用地整理潜力与“挂钩”分区研究[J].资源科学,2011,33(1):134-142.
[2]李旺君,王雷.城乡建设用地增减挂钩的利弊分析[J].国土资源情报,2009,(4):34-37.
[3]角媛梅,胡文英,速少华,等.哀牢山区哈尼聚落空间格局与耕作半径研究[J].资源科学,2006,28(3):66-70.
[4]杨庆华,张健康,杨世先,等.耕地资源的耕作半径与农业综合生产能力:以云南省玉溪市为例[J].中国农村经济,2006,28(1):285-290.
[5]关小克,王秀丽,张凤荣,等.都市山区耕地资源演变的定量测度:以北京市门头沟区为例[J].资源科学,2012,34(3):459-467.
[6]赵恺,惠振江.陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区农村适宜耕作半径研究[J].山西建筑,2008,34(8):14-15.
[7]杨庆华,杨世先,马文彬,等.山地农业区耕地资源空间分布状况[J].山地学报,2005,23(6):749-755.
[8]叶育成,徐建刚,于兰军.镇村布局规划中的空间分析方法[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(5):1284-1287.
[9]董秀茹,尤明英,王秋兵.基于土地评价的基本农田划定方法[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(4):336-339.
[10]朱雪欣,王红梅,袁秀杰,等.基于GIS的农村居民点区位评价与空间格局优化[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):326-333.
[11]李红波,张小林,吴江国,等.欠发达地区聚落景观空间分布特征及其影响因子分析:以安徽省宿州地区为例[J].地理科学,2012,32(6):711-716.
[12]曲衍波,姜广辉,张凤荣,等.基于农户意愿的农村居民点整治模式[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(23):232-242.
[13]申翔.江苏省村庄建设与发展调研[J].城市规划,2006,30(8):56-65.
[14]张军民,季楠,陈有川,等.县域村镇体系规划中基层村选择的方法与应用:基于“城乡建设用地增减挂钩”政策下的研究[J].新农村建设与历史文化城镇保护,2009,28(4):32-35.
[15]汤思阳,雷国平,张慧,等.基于耕地质量评价的基本农田划定方法[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(1):173-177.
[16]张荣天,张小林,李传武.镇江市丘陵区乡村聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(3):272-278.
[17]蔚霖,孟庆香,朱槐文.基于村庄综合发展潜力评价的中心村确定[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(12):2636-2640.
[18]李小建,高更和.中国中部平原村庄农业生产区位研究:以河南南阳黄庄为例[J].地理科学,2008,28(5):616-623.
[19]Polat H E, Olgun M. Analysis of the Rural Dwellings at New Residential Areas in the Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey[J].Building and Environment,2004,(39):1505-1515.
[20]Currit N, Easterling W E. Globalization and Population Drivers of Ruralurban Landuse Change in Chihuahua, Mexico[J].Land Use Policy,2009,(26):535-544.
[21]刘明皓,戴志中,邱道持,等.山区居民点分布的影响因素分析与布局优化:以彭水县保家镇为例[J].经济地理,2011,31(3):476-482.
[22]闵婕,杨庆媛,翁才银.基于村域范围的农村居民点布局评价与空间格局优化:以重庆石柱县临溪镇前进村为例[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(15):283-290.
[23]陈伟,李满春,陈振杰,等.GIS支持下的县域农村居民点布局优化研究:以河北省大厂县为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2013,29(2):81-84.
[24]邹亚锋,刘耀林,孔雪松,等.加权Voronoi 图在农村居民点布局优化中的应用[J].武汉大学学报,2012,37(5):560-563.
[25]胡志斌,何兴元,李月辉,等.岷江上游居民点分布格局及影响因子分析[J].辽宁工程大学学报,2006,25(4):623-625.
[26]关小克,张凤荣,赵婷婷,等.北京市农村居民点整理分区及整理模式探讨[J].地域研究与开发,2010,29(3):114-119.
[27]张晓平,朱道林.城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策下的农村居民点斑块整理模式评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):244-249.
[28]张俊峰,张安录,董捷.基于生态位适宜度的农村居民点分区布局研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2013,106(4):96-101.
[29]谷晓坤,陈百明,代兵.经济发达区农村居民点整理驱动力与模式:以浙江省嵊州市为例[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(5):701-708.
[30]朱亮,吴炳方,张磊.三峡典型区农村居民点格局及人居环境适宜性评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(3):325-331.
[31]杨庆媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地区农村居民点土地整理模式:以重庆渝北地区为例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的农村居民点撤并可行性研究[J].河南科学,2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吴九兴.平原地区中心村选择的理论与实证研究:以孝感市孝南区为例[D].武汉:华中农业大学土地管理学院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖笃宁,马明国.绿洲景观中居民地空间分布特征及其影响因子分析[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜广辉,张凤荣,秦静,等.北京山区农村居民点分布变化及其与环境的关系[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陈荣清,张凤荣,孟媛,等.农村居民点整理的现实潜力估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜广辉,张凤荣,陈军伟,等.基于Logistic回归模型的北京山区农村居民点变化的驱动力分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land
[27]张晓平,朱道林.城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策下的农村居民点斑块整理模式评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):244-249.
[28]张俊峰,张安录,董捷.基于生态位适宜度的农村居民点分区布局研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2013,106(4):96-101.
[29]谷晓坤,陈百明,代兵.经济发达区农村居民点整理驱动力与模式:以浙江省嵊州市为例[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(5):701-708.
[30]朱亮,吴炳方,张磊.三峡典型区农村居民点格局及人居环境适宜性评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(3):325-331.
[31]杨庆媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地区农村居民点土地整理模式:以重庆渝北地区为例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的农村居民点撤并可行性研究[J].河南科学,2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吴九兴.平原地区中心村选择的理论与实证研究:以孝感市孝南区为例[D].武汉:华中农业大学土地管理学院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖笃宁,马明国.绿洲景观中居民地空间分布特征及其影响因子分析[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜广辉,张凤荣,秦静,等.北京山区农村居民点分布变化及其与环境的关系[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陈荣清,张凤荣,孟媛,等.农村居民点整理的现实潜力估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜广辉,张凤荣,陈军伟,等.基于Logistic回归模型的北京山区农村居民点变化的驱动力分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land
[27]张晓平,朱道林.城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策下的农村居民点斑块整理模式评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(1):244-249.
[28]张俊峰,张安录,董捷.基于生态位适宜度的农村居民点分区布局研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2013,106(4):96-101.
[29]谷晓坤,陈百明,代兵.经济发达区农村居民点整理驱动力与模式:以浙江省嵊州市为例[J].自然资源学报,2007,22(5):701-708.
[30]朱亮,吴炳方,张磊.三峡典型区农村居民点格局及人居环境适宜性评价研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(3):325-331.
[31]杨庆媛,田永中,王朝科,等.西南丘陵山地区农村居民点土地整理模式:以重庆渝北地区为例[J].地理研究,2004,23(4):469-478.
[32]陶冶,葛幼松,尹凌,等.基于GIS的农村居民点撤并可行性研究[J].河南科学,2006,24(5):771-775.
[33]吴九兴.平原地区中心村选择的理论与实证研究:以孝感市孝南区为例[D].武汉:华中农业大学土地管理学院,2009.
[34]角媛梅,肖笃宁,马明国.绿洲景观中居民地空间分布特征及其影响因子分析[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2092-2099.
[35]姜广辉,张凤荣,秦静,等.北京山区农村居民点分布变化及其与环境的关系[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):85-92.
[36]陈荣清,张凤荣,孟媛,等.农村居民点整理的现实潜力估算[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):216-221.
[37]姜广辉,张凤荣,陈军伟,等.基于Logistic回归模型的北京山区农村居民点变化的驱动力分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(5):81-87.
Abstract In order to promote the rural construction land consolidation and promote land saving and intensive use, the urban and rural construction land projects are carried on in China. The merger of villages is involved in the urban and rural construction land projects process. Problems appeared during the implementation process, and the choice of resettlements is one of the problems. In order to ensure the enough field operating time, the distance between the resettlements and tillage plots should be reasonable. The premise of the rational distribution of rural settlements is ensuring the enough field operation time, so reasonable fanning radius is the key for whether the site selection is reasonable and whether the project can be executed. On the basis of previous studies, a systematic study about farming radius is made in this paper. The influencing factors of farming radius are considered. 11 factors are selected, from four aspects of nature, society, economy and land use, and the mechanism of action between the influencing factors and farming radius is studied. In order to determine the affecting factors of the farming radius, the Delphi technique and AHP method are used. By analyzing the result, the decisive factors of the fanning radius are determined. We studied the reasonable farming radius in Lucun Town of Yiyuan County in Shandong Province in this paper. We use farming radius general calculation model to calculate the reasonable farming radius. In order to make the result more accurate, a large number of investigations are made in the study area. Substituting the survey data into the model, we find that the reasonable fanning radius is 3.2 km. This result means all the rural villages which the distances from their farmland to the new center village were no more than 3.2 km can be amalgamated to the center village. At this stage,the ratio of nonhuman way to travel and mechanization agricultural tools are low in the study area.Improving the ratio of high speed transportation and widely using mechanization agricultural tools are important ways to ease the limit of farming radius.
Key words farming radius; influencing factors; computation model; the couple project of urbanrural construction land