磺脲类药物对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤后适应影响的研究
2014-07-18盛西陵祝玉娟徐文博唐关敏
盛西陵 祝玉娟 徐文博 唐关敏
[摘 要] 目的 观察磺脲类药物对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤后适应影响及其机制。方法 将30只新西兰大白兔随机分为5组:(1)假手术组,仅穿线不作冠状动脉结扎;(2)缺血-再灌注组,缺血45分钟,再灌注2小时;(3)后适应组,缺血45分钟,然后行短暂灌注30秒,缺血30秒,共3次,再行全面的2小时再灌注;(4)格列美脲组,实验开始时外周静脉注射格列美脲02mg/kg,其余操作同后适应组;(5)格列本脲组,实验开始时外周注射格列本脲05mg/kg,其余操作同后适应组。实验结束时测各组血清肌钙蛋白含量及心肌梗死面积。结果 肌钙蛋白含量假手术组明显低于各手术组,后适应组与格列美脲组显著低于缺血再灌注组与格列本脲组,差异均有统计学意义(P<001),而后适应组与格列美脲组及缺血再灌注组与格列本脲组差异均无统计学意义(P>005)。心肌梗死面积后适应组、格列美脲组明显低于缺血再灌注组及格列本脲组,差异有统计学意义(P<001);后适应组与格列美脲组、缺血再灌注组与格列本脲组之间差异无统计学意义(P>005)。结论 格列本脲可消除后适应兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,而格列美脲却对后适应保护作用无影响。
[关键词] 心肌缺血再灌注损伤;后适应;磺脲类
中图分类号:R5422 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009_816X(2014)02_0105_03
doi:103969/jissn1009_816x20140206Effects of Sulfonylurea on Myocardial Ischemia_reperfusion Injury in Rabbits. SHENG Xi_ling ,ZHU Yu_juan, XU Wen_bo, et al Department of cardiology, The First Jiaxing Hospital, Zhejiang 314000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of sulfonylurea on myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits Methods 30 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: (1)sham operation group(coronary artery ligation,CAL); (2) ischemia reperfusion injury group (IRI), ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 2 hours; (3) postconditioning (Post C) group, after ischemia for 45 minutes, 30 seconds reperfusion, 30 seconds occlusion of coronary artery and repeated for 3 times, then reperfusion for 2 hours; (4) glimepiride group, IV 02mg/kg of glimepiride through periphery vein, then the same process conducted as Post C group; (5)glibenclamide group, IV 05mg/kg of glibenclamide through periphery vein,then the same process conducted as Post C group The infarct size and the content of cTnI were measured at the end of experiment Results The content of cTnI in sham operation group was significantly lower compared with the other groups The content of cTnI in Post C and Glimepiride group were significantly lower than IRI and glibenclamide groups(P<001) There was no significant difference between Post C and glimepiride group, IRI and glibenclamide group The infarct size of Post C and glimepiride group were significantly smaller compared with the IRI and glibenclamide group; there was no difference between Post C group and glimepiride group, and there was also no difference between IRI group and glibenclamide group Conclusions Postconditioning may provide myocardial protection in rabbits in IRI This effect can be abolished by glibenclamide but not by glimepiridei.
[Key words] Myocardium ischemia_reperfusion injury; Postconditioning; Sulfonylurea
研究表明,预适应可以显著减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤,以格列本脲为代表的某些磺脲类药物可以促进KATP通道关闭而阻断缺血预适应对缺血心肌保护作用。本实验通过建立大白兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察磺脲类药物对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤后适应影响及探讨其机制。
1 材料和方法
11 材料:
111 实验动物:健康新西兰大白兔30只,雌雄不限,由汕头大学动物中心提供,体重15~24公斤。
112 主要试剂:羊抗兔心脏肌钙蛋白试剂盒购自美国ADL公司;格列本脲化学纯、格列美脲化学纯购自意大利Aventis Pharmas SPA公司。2,3,5_氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)购自南京奥多福尼生物科技有限公司。
12 方法:
121 心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立[1,2]:本研究遵循国家实验动物管理条例及国家实验动物管理实施细则。从兔耳缘静脉推注戊巴比妥钠30mg/kg麻醉,切开颈部,气管插管行人工呼吸,常规描记Ⅱ导联心电图。沿胸骨正中切开至胸骨角处,剪开心包暴露心脏,做心包吊床,在左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)距根部2mm处,用5_0 prolene线穿过心肌浅层,丝线两端穿过一小胶管,形成闭环。拉线,纹氏钳固定造成心肌缺血,松开纹氏钳造成再灌注,通过缝线远端心外膜发绀表现和心电图改变作为冠状动脉结扎成功指标。假手术组仅穿线,不牵拉;药物组于实验开始后静脉注入药物,其他各组注入等量生理盐水。所有动物开胸穿线成功后稳定20分钟再行操作。所有动物均静脉给予肝素钠(500u/kg)抗凝。实验结束时,以10%氯化钾2ml静脉注射处死动物。
122 实验动物分组及干预[3]:30只健康新西兰大白兔随机分为五组,每组6只。(1)假手术组,不作冠状动脉结扎。(2)缺血再灌注组,缺血45分钟,再灌注2小时。(3)后适应组(Postconditioning,PostC)缺血45分钟,然后行短暂灌注30秒,缺血30秒,共4次,再行全面的2小时再灌注。(4)格列美脲组,实验开始时外周注射格列美脲02mg/kg,其余操作同后适应组。(5)格列本脲组,实验开始时外周注射格列本脲05mg/kg,再行后适应操作。前三组于实验开始时外周注射与4、5组等量的生理盐水,实验开始及结束时测各组动物血清肌钙蛋白含量,实验结束时测各组心肌梗死面积。
123 血清肌钙蛋白(cTnI)测定:各组于实验开始及结束后穿刺股静脉取血1ml。所有样本均于2500rpm离心10分钟,收集血清于-80℃保存。收齐标本后按照ADL公司肌钙蛋白检测试剂盒说明书测定血清肌钙蛋白。
124 心肌梗死面积测定[2]:采用TTC染色法、称重法测定梗死面积。实验结束后取左心室称重,放置-20℃冰箱30min后取出。将心脏沿着长轴均匀切为厚度约1mm薄片。放置于pH74,37℃的2%TTC染色15min,灌注区染为蓝色,非灌注区不染色。小心分离,称重法测量梗死区占左心室重量,以百分比表示。
13 统计学处理:采用SPSS 160版统计软件,计量数据以(x -±s)表示,各组数据进行正态性和方差齐性检验。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间比较采用mann_whithey u检验,P<005为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
21 各组间血清肌钙蛋白含量比较:结扎冠脉前各组间血清肌钙蛋白含量无统计学差异。再灌注2h后,各手术组肌钙蛋白含量较假手术组明显升高,后适应组与格列美脲组间无统计学差异,缺血再灌注组与格列本脲组间无统计学差异(P>005),但后适应组、格列美脲组与缺血再灌注组、格列本脲组对比较有统计学意义(P<001),见表1。
22 各组间心肌梗死面积比较:心肌梗死面积后适应组[(2736±315)%]与格列美脲组[(2917±423)%]差异无统计学意义(P>005),缺血再灌注组[(3736±282)%]与格列本脲组[(3948±341)%]间差异无统计学意义(P>005),后适应组、格列美脲组与缺血再灌注组及格列本脲组比较差异有统计学意义(P<001)。
3 讨论
肌缺血-再灌注损伤是临床需要解决的重要课题。本世纪初有学者提出了后适应(postconditioning)的概念,即在再灌注刚开始时进行多次、短暂的再灌注,可以起到很好的心肌保护作用[4,5],也陆续在大鼠、兔、犬等动物实验及人体中得到证实,这为防治心肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究提供了新的思路[6,7]。
心肌缺血后适应是心脏的一种自我保护机制,目前的研究提示后适应操作可触发心脏释放内源性活性物质,通过细胞内信号传导系统调节心脏功能,从而提高心肌对随后较长时间的再灌注损伤的耐受性,对心肌形成保护作用。其信号传导途径及作用环节未完全阐明,目前的研究涉及3个基本环节:触发物质(内源性活性物质)、中介物质(蛋白激酶)和效应物质(离子通道和保护蛋白),其中ATP敏感钾离子通道(KATP)的开放可能在后适应中起关键作用,可能是后适应终末效应器。近年许多证据提示,心肌线粒体内膜KATP通道的开放在后适应保护作用中起关键作用,可减轻线粒体内Ca2+超载、减轻细胞凋亡[4~6]。细胞膜KATP通道的开放可缩短心肌动作电位时程,而动作电位的缩短也能减少Ca2+内流,减轻缺血再灌注损伤所致的细胞内Ca2+超载,促进心肌细胞功能的恢复,减少ATP消耗,减少心肌耗能,也可减少空间异质性,减少折返的发生,减少心律失常的发生。多个学者通过动物实验证明细胞膜KATP通道阻断剂如5_HD等可消除后适应的保护作用,而一些开放药物可起到类似后适应的心肌保护作用[7]。
本实验研究结果发现磺脲类治疗糖尿病药物格列本脲可消除后适应兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,而格列美脲却对后适应保护作用无影响,其机理可能与心肌磺脲类受体(sulfonylurea receptor SUR)分布有关。研究表明,磺脲类药物通过特异性结合于胰腺β细胞膜上的磺脲类受体,使KATP通道关闭,通过一系列细胞内信号传递过程刺激胰岛素分泌颗粒向胞外分泌。而磺脲类药物对KATP通道的作用并非一致,格列本脲对心肌SUR2A、血管SUR2B和胰腺SUR1都有很高的亲和力,因此该药在阻断胰腺KATP,促进胰岛素分泌同时,也关闭了心肌KATP通道,而同类的格列美脲却无此作用[3,8]。格列美脲与格列本脲类似,均可通过阻断KATP促进胰岛素分泌,但该药不影响心血管KATP通道,所以不影响心肌缺血后适应。更有学者报道格列美脲可激活膦脂酰肌醇3_激酶(PI3K)/Akt信号通路,产生药物性后适应保护作用[9]。近来临床也有报道格列本脲相比格列美脲可增加2型糖尿病患者死亡率,其原因是否与格列本脲对后适应影响有关需要进一步研究。
心肌后适应是机体内源性对缺血再灌注损伤的自我保护机制,由于其特有的时间特点,为临床应用提供了新的思路,具体机制及最佳操作方法需要进一步深入研究。而心血管系统并发症是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲类药物是治疗2型糖尿病重要的药物,其对心血管系统影响、安全性及最佳治疗方案也值得进一步研究。
参考文献
[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.
[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.
[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.
[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.
[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.
[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.
[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.
[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.
[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.
心肌后适应是机体内源性对缺血再灌注损伤的自我保护机制,由于其特有的时间特点,为临床应用提供了新的思路,具体机制及最佳操作方法需要进一步深入研究。而心血管系统并发症是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲类药物是治疗2型糖尿病重要的药物,其对心血管系统影响、安全性及最佳治疗方案也值得进一步研究。
参考文献
[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.
[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.
[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.
[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.
[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.
[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.
[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.
[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.
[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.
心肌后适应是机体内源性对缺血再灌注损伤的自我保护机制,由于其特有的时间特点,为临床应用提供了新的思路,具体机制及最佳操作方法需要进一步深入研究。而心血管系统并发症是糖尿病患者最主要的死亡原因,磺脲类药物是治疗2型糖尿病重要的药物,其对心血管系统影响、安全性及最佳治疗方案也值得进一步研究。
参考文献
[1]Gao XQ, Li HW, Ling X, et al. Effect of rosiglitazone on rabbit model of myocardial ischemia_reperfusion injury[J]. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2013,6(3):228-231.
[2]Iwasa M, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Both stimulation of GLP_1 receptors and inhibition of glycogenolysis additively contribute to a protective effect of oral miglitol against ischaemia_reperfusion injury in rabbits[J]. Br J Pharmacol,2011,164(1):119-131.
[3]Nieszner E, Posa I, Kocsis E, et al. Influence of diabetic state and that of different sulfonylureas on the size of myocardial infarction with and without ischemic preconditioning in rabbits[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2002,110(5):212-218.
[4]Heusch G, Schulz R. Preservation of peripheral vasodilation as a surrogate of cardioprotection? The mechanistic role of ATP_dependent potassium channels and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore[J]. Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1184-1186.
[5]Jin C, Wu J, Watanabe M, et al. Mitochondrial K+ channels are involved in ischemic postconditioning in rat hearts[J]. J Physiol Sci,2012,62(4):325-332.
[6]Penna C, Pasqua T, Perrelli MG, et al. Postconditioning with glucagon like peptide_2 reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts: role of survival kinases and mitochondrial KATP channels[J]. Basic Res Cardiol,2012,107(4):272.
[7]Obana M, Miyamoto K, Murasawa S, et al. Therapeutic administration of IL_11 exhibits the postconditioning effects against ischemia_reperfusion injury via STAT3 in the heart[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2012,303(5):H569-577.
[8]Jovanovic A, Jovanovic S. SURA2 targeting for cardioprotection[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol,2009,9(2):189-193.
[9]Ma XJ, Yin HJ, Guo CY, et al. Ischemic postconditioning through percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in pigs: roles of PI3K activation[J]. Coron Artery Dis,2012,23(4):245-250.