线形硬毛藻的生物学特性价值生态危害及其防治

张宇+李景玉+宫庆礼

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-6755.2014.05.023

1 线形硬毛藻的生物学特性

线形硬毛藻（Chaetomorpha linum）隶属于绿藻门（Chlorophyta）、绿藻纲（Chlorophyceae）、刚毛藻目（Cladophorales）、刚毛藻科（Cladophoraceae）、硬毛藻属（Chaetomorpha）[1]。

藻体浅黄褐色至暗绿色，线状，多纠缠呈团块，漂浮或缠绕在其他基质上，由单列细胞组成，不分枝。高10 cm以上。基细胞不明显。营养细胞短圆柱形，宽125～300 μm，长为宽的0.6～2倍，壁厚6～10 μm，壁上层理不明显。节部略有收缩或平滑不缢缩。叶绿体片状或碎片状，淀粉核多个[1-2]。

该藻属于世界性分布种，在欧洲[3-8]、北美洲[9-12]、中美洲[13-16]、南美洲[17-18]、非洲[19-22]、亚洲[1,23-24]、大洋洲[25-27]均有分布，甚至在北极地区亦有分布[28-29]。

其生殖方式包括有性生殖、无性生殖和营养繁殖[1]。

有性生殖是同配生殖。配子体产生2根鞭毛的同形雌雄配子，配子结合形成合子，合子萌发形成孢子体，孢子体产生4根鞭毛或者2根鞭毛的游孢子，游孢子发育为配子体。其孢子体和配子体形态相同，故其生活史为同形世代交替。

无性生殖时，除基细胞及其上的少数细胞外，其余营养细胞都转化为动孢子囊，动孢子具4根鞭毛。也可由未经分裂的营养细胞转化为厚壁孢子。

营养繁殖以丝体的断裂最普遍。

2 线形硬毛藻的生态、环境以及经济价值

线形硬毛藻在浅海富营养化水域常占据优势地位，形成大规模的藻丛[30-34]，对于生态环境具有重大的影响。其可以作为端足类钩虾（Gammarus aequicauda）[35-36]和腹足类葡萄螺属的一种（Haminoea callidegenita）[37]的天然饵料；可以快速吸收沉积物释放的无机营养物质，从而阻断这些营养物质从沉积物向上层水中的输送[38-41]；其具有较高的光合作用速率，可以大量产生氧气提高水中的溶解氧水平[38,40,42-43]，而且还会影响水中的氧化还原反应[38,42-43]；其对于营养物质的吸收会影响硝化作用、反硝化作用等化学反应的进行[44-45]；腐败分解后会释放碳、氮、磷等多种元素，影响水体中的化学过程和物质组成[46]。

此外，线形硬毛藻还具有很高的经济价值。Bastianoni等将原本被视为废物的线形硬毛藻用作制备生物柴油的原料，取得了良好的效果[47]；Ktita等在干旱季节利用线形硬毛藻作为替代饲料饲喂5个月大的Barbarine羔羊，得到了较高的饲料转化率[48]；在一些国家和地区，线形硬毛藻被用作生物肥料改善土壤的肥力[49-50]；线形硬毛藻的多糖提取物可以用作化妆品的保湿成分[49]；其含有的大戟二烯醇肉桂苯酚等大分子有治疗功效，可以作为化学化妆品的自然替代物[49]；线形硬毛藻体内含有的某些活性物质具有抗疱疹、抗肿瘤和抗病毒等治疗效果，具有药物学潜力[51-52]；线形硬毛藻可以稳定而快速地生长，大量吸收营养盐并产生O2，为水族动物提供栖息地并改善水质，现已成为美国水族管理的的热门选择[41,53]；干燥的线形硬毛藻可以用作污染水体中重金属离子Cu2+和Zn2+的生物吸收材料[54]。

3 线形硬毛藻的“绿潮”危害

近些年来，“绿潮”爆发日趋严重，线形硬毛藻是“绿潮”藻类中的一种[46,55-56]，由其引发的“绿潮”灾害也频繁爆发。线形硬毛藻在富营养化的河口、泻湖和池塘大量增殖聚集，覆盖于沉积物之上，在澳大利亚西部[41]、中国东部[46,56]、丹麦[44-45,57]、西班牙东北部[42,58]、英国[59]和牙买加[60]等地区都常常参与形成“绿潮”。近几年在我国沿海部分地区的河口、沿岸泻湖、盐田侧渠道、养殖池，甚至污水池中，常常大量生长线形硬毛藻。这些线形硬毛藻在自然环境中大量增殖，占据优势地位，形成“绿潮”，影响其他海洋动植物的生存，破坏生态环境。如若出现在养殖池中, 在生长旺盛期可直接将虾或海参缠绕致死。其藻体腐烂变质后会导致水质恶化，滋生各种病菌，致使养殖动物患病，严重时则导致养殖动物大量死亡，给海水养殖业带来了较大的危害和经济损失[46,61]。

4 线形硬毛藻“绿潮”危害的防治建议

加强有关线形硬毛藻基础生物学方面的研究。虽然现在国内外已经有一些学者进行了这方面的研究工作，但是还有很多相关科学问题无法很好地回答。

深入研究线形硬毛藻形成“绿潮”的条件和机制。其中包括“绿潮”灾害发生时的海洋物理、化学、生物学过程及其相互关系；富营养化与“绿潮”的相互关系；多种环境压力作用下的海洋生态系统响应；线形硬毛藻的聚集与扩散的动力学机制等。

应用新技术对线形硬毛藻“绿潮”灾害进行预测。利用分子生物学、元素示踪及生物标记等方面的新技术对灾害进行预测；利用激光遥感、多传感器遥感等物理新技术对灾害进行预警和监测等[62]。

控制外源性营养物质的输入，减轻海区富营养化程度。近几十年来，我国沿海经济发展迅速，人口大量增长，大量的工农业废水、生活污水进入海洋，加之地表径流带来的大量营养盐，海水的富营养化程度迅速加剧。而海水的富营养化正是“绿潮”爆发的重要因素[62-63]。所以控制营养盐输入、减轻富营养化是治理“绿潮”灾害的根本性手段。

采用生态方法，创新治理方式。传统的机械捞除和人工捞除费时费力，而且效果不佳；化学杀灭法成本高昂，还会破坏生态环境。所以，必须创新治理方式，比如增殖植食性动物以及竞争性藻类都是可以借鉴的方式。

加强线形硬毛藻的资源性利用方面的研究，变废为宝。上文中提到的有关线形硬毛藻资源性利用方面的研究均有一定的实践指导意义，在此基础上进行优化改良，可以应用到实际生产中去。还应该从更多的角度考虑其应用价值，比如生产沼气、污水处理等[62]，开发其潜在价值。

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（收稿日期：2014-03-05）

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