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冀北张宣、遵化-青龙金矿带金矿床地质特征及矿床成因

2014-07-05周传芳王建国王献忠梁中恺路英川公维国汤鹏飞王存柱

地质与勘探 2014年6期
关键词:冀北青龙岩浆

周传芳,王建国,王献忠,梁中恺,路英川,3,公维国,汤鹏飞,王存柱

(1.武警黄金第三支队,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086; 2. 中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083;3. 武警黄金地质研究所,河北廊坊 065000; 4.武警黄金第一支队,黑龙江牡丹江 157021)

冀北张宣、遵化-青龙金矿带金矿床地质特征及矿床成因

周传芳1,2,王建国2,王献忠2,梁中恺1,2,路英川2,3,公维国1,汤鹏飞1,王存柱4

(1.武警黄金第三支队,黑龙江哈尔滨 150086; 2. 中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083;3. 武警黄金地质研究所,河北廊坊 065000; 4.武警黄金第一支队,黑龙江牡丹江 157021)

张宣金矿带和遵化-青龙金矿带是冀北地区两个最主要的金矿带,以其金矿床数量多,储量大备受关注。本文整理了两个金矿带内主要金矿床的硫、铅、氢、氧同位素与成矿时代数据。结果显示,两个矿带硫同位素组成上差距较大,通过与大本图解上相应稳定矿物场进行对比总硫δ34S≈0‰,与主要赋矿围岩太古代老变质岩系的δ34S值接近,说明金矿床具有太古代变质岩系与幔源硫特点;铅同位素数据投影点大部分落于地幔、下地壳和造山带铅叠合区域,与硫同位素具有一致性,均来源于太古代老变质岩系和地球深部混合;氢氧同位素显示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水和大气降水的混合;成矿时限较大,从燕山早期到晚期均有成矿作用发生,以早中期为主。两者在矿床成因机制上具有相似性,为印支末期-燕山期强烈的构造-岩浆活动导致地壳重熔,太古宙老变质岩系中金活化,并与岩浆活动带入的深源金混合,随岩浆热液一起运移,最终沉淀成矿。

张宣金矿带 遵化-青龙金矿带 成矿物质来源 成矿时代 矿床成因

Zhou Chuan-fang, Wang Jian-guo, Wang Xian-zhong, Liang Zhong-kai, Lu Ying-chuan, Gong Wei-guo, Tang Peng-fei, Wang Cun-zhu. Geological characters and genesis of the Zhangxuan and Zunhua-Qinglong gold ore belts in northern Hebei[J].Geology and Exploration,2014,50(6):1024-1037.

冀北地区处于华北地台北缘东段(王正坤等,1993),是我国重要的金矿集区之一(王宝德等,2003;梅燕雄,1997;宋瑞先等,1994;李承东等,2004)。前人对该区金矿床做了大量的同位素地球化学、成矿时代、矿床成因、成矿物质来源等研究工作,但至今对金矿床分类、成矿时代、矿床成因等存有较大争议。在金矿床分类方面,宋瑞先等(1994)将该区划分为岩浆改造-复生型、混合岩化-重熔交代热液型、重熔岩浆热液型、火山-次火山热液型;而李京(1988)认为冀东地区金矿床可分为变质热液型、岩浆热液型、沉积变质(改造)型和火山岩型金矿床等。关于该区的成矿时代,则有:① 早前寒武纪(胡小蝶等,1990;王时麒等,1985);② 海西期(宋瑞先等,1994);③ 燕山期(梅燕雄,1997;银剑钊等,1995;李长民等,2012;张招崇,1995)等认识。银剑钊(1995)总结了张宣地区金矿床成因,认为主要有岩浆热液型(王宝德等,2002)、变质热液型(王时麒等,1985)、混合热液型(梅燕雄,1997;张招崇,1995)、大气降水热液型(王正坤等,1993)。

本文通过对冀北地区两个主要金矿集区的稳定同位素及成矿年代对比,来探讨它们之间成矿作用的相互关系。

1 区域地质

冀北地区位于华北地台北缘东段,该区受古亚洲构造成矿域和濒太平洋构造成矿域强烈构造-岩浆叠加作用影响,为两大构造成矿域的递变过渡带(黄建军等,2007)。该区经历了迁西运动、吕梁运动、印支运动、燕山运动及喜山运动等多期构造运动,发育各个时期的构造形迹(王正坤等,1993;王正坤等,1994;侯光久等,1994)。区内地层可划分为四个主要构造层:太古宇-早元古界老变质岩系结晶基底、中元古界海相沉积盖层、中生界陆相火山-沉积岩和新生代的陆相沉积物(银剑钊等,1995),其中太古宇-早元古界老变质岩系结晶基底是本区金、钼的重要矿源层(黄建军等,2007)。区内岩浆活动广泛,有太古代、早元古代基性-超基性海底火山喷发,吕梁期、海西期、印支期以及燕山期岩浆侵入与喷发(王正坤等,1993),印支-燕山期岩浆活动频繁,尤以燕山期最为强烈(王正坤等,1994),其中部分岩浆岩成为金矿容矿围岩。从区域构造演化看,冀北地区燕山期构造运动强度达到中生代以来最高峰。NE-NNE向构造带为主导、EW向构造具分段性(图1)。

冀北地区长期活动的康保-围场断裂带、张家口-丰宁-隆化断裂带、密云-遵化-青龙断裂带控制了本区金矿带展布(图1)。单个矿床又受NW、NE、NNE和EW向次级断裂控制(王正坤等,1993;王正坤等,1994)。

2 金矿带地质特征

冀北地区主要有康保-围场-赤峰金矿带、丰宁-隆化金矿带、张宣金矿带、遵化-青龙金矿带四条金矿带。其中冀西北张宣金矿带和冀东北遵化-青龙金矿带以金矿分布密集,数量多,储量大而备受人们关注。

2.1 张宣金矿带

张宣金矿带位于华北地台北缘中段内蒙-大兴安岭褶皱带与燕山造山带的交合部位,崇礼-赤城深大断裂南侧(图1)。太古宙末期形成的崇礼-赤城深断裂,经历了多期韧性剪切与脆性断裂作用,EW向和SN向断裂构造的交汇部位是成矿的有利场所。就某一矿床而言,主控矿构造为EW(或近SN)向断裂(导矿),容矿构造多是规模更小的NW、NE和SN向次级断裂(侯光久等,1994)。该区一系列金矿床分布在南北宽50 km,东西走向的狭长带内,集中分布于崇礼-赤城断裂带的南盘(图2)。

图1 冀北地区地质构造简图Fig. 1 Simplified geological map showing the major tectonic units in the noth of Hebei1-内蒙-大兴安岭褶皱带;2-燕山造山带;3-桑干-平泉构造带;4-青龙线性构造带(金矿);5-断裂;6-深大断裂及编号;7-金矿床(点);8-地名;9-主要金矿带及编号;F1-康保-围场断裂带;F2-张家口-丰宁-隆化断裂带(崇礼-赤城深大断裂带);F3-密云-喜峰口断裂带;F4-上黄旗-乌龙沟断裂带;F5-青龙河断裂;I-张宣金矿带;II-遵化-青龙金矿带1-Mongolian-Daxinganling folded belt; 2-Yanshan orogenic belt; 3-Sanggan-Pingquan tectonic zone; 4-Qinglong linear structural bect (gold deposit); 5-faults; 6-deep and large fault and its number; 7-gold deposits (or mining); 8-place name; 9-main gold belt and its number; F1-Kangbao-Weichang fault zone; F2-Zhangjiakou-Fengning-Longhua fault zone (Chongli-Chicheng deep and large fault zone); F3-Miyun-Xifengkou fault zone; F4-Shanghuangqi-Wulonggou fault zone; F5-qinglonghe fault zone; I-Zhangxuan gold belt; II-Zunhua-Qinglong gold belt

图2 张宣金矿带地质简图(据银剑钊,1995,修改)Fig. 2 Geological map of Zhangxuan gold belt (modified from Yin, 1995)1-新生界地层;2-中生界地层;3-中新元古界长城系;4-下元古界红旗营子群;5-太古界桑干群;6-太古界桑干群花家营组;7-太古界桑干群涧沟河组;8-燕山期侵入岩;9-海西期侵入岩;10-元古代花岗片麻岩;11-太古代花岗片麻岩;12-地层界线;13-断层;14-金矿床(点);15-地名1-Cenozoic; 2-Mesozoci; 3-Middle-Neo Proterozoic Changchengian system; 4-Palaeoproterozoic Hongqiyingzi grope; 5-Archaeozoic Sanggan grope; 6-Archaeozoic Sanggan grope Hajiaying formation; 7-Archaeozoic Sanggan grope Janhegou formation; 8-Yanshanian intrusive rocks; 9-Hercynian intrusive rocks; 10-Proterozoic granite gneisses; 11-Archaeozoic granite gneisses; 12-the boundary of stra tigraphic; 13-fault; 14-gold deposit (or mining); 15-place name

张宣金矿带累计发现金矿床100多处,其中大型金矿有小营盘和东坪金矿2处,中小型金矿有张全庄、水晶屯、后沟、金家庄、中山沟、黄土梁、赵家沟金矿等10多处(宋瑞先等,1994;侯光久等,1994)(图2)。

2.2 遵化-青龙金矿带

冀东北是我国重要的金矿集区之一(李俊建等,2002;李俊建等,2004;钟汉等,2007)。该区是我国地质演化最久,构造-岩浆活动极为复杂的地区(李俊建等,2004)。区内地层以太古界迁西群和八道河群变质岩为主。其中八道河群王厂组地层金矿化非常发育。区内金矿床的形成主要受断裂控制,矿体往往富集在断裂带两侧EW向和NNE-NE向次级裂隙中。NNE-NE向压扭性断裂、剪切带是控矿的主要构造,控制了金矿带的分布。金矿床(点)受EW向构造控制,位于近EW向的密云-喜峰口断裂的南侧(图1,3)。区内岩浆活动强烈,主要是前震旦纪和燕山期侵入岩,华力西期侵入岩规模小,且分布零星。金矿床(点)常呈脉状分布于侵入体与围岩的内、外接触带附近或岩体之中(李京,1988)。

冀东北地区已先后发现金矿床(点)197处,特大型金矿 1 处、大型金矿 3 处、中型 4 处,小型矿床多处(宋瑞先等,1994;李俊建等,2002)。

3 矿床地球化学

3.1 硫同位素

本文整理了张宣金矿带和遵化-青龙金矿带内典型金矿床和赋矿围岩的硫同位素的数据(表1)。张宣金矿带内金矿床金属硫化物的δ34S除金家庄和张全庄外,其它均为负值,即贫34S,在硫同位素组成图(图4a)负向偏离陨石硫,并且具有明显的相似性。δ34S变化范围多集中在-6.00‰~-15.00‰之间,具有一定的塔式效应(宋瑞先等,1994)。金矿硫化物硫同位素具有δ34SFeS2>δ34SFeCuS2>δ34SZnS2>δ34SPbS的演化趋势,表明硫同位素反应基本达到了平衡(胡小蝶等,1990;王宝德等,2002;石来生等,2007;包志伟等,1996)。赵莎(2009)依据矿床形成的物理化学条件,根据大本模式对矿床总硫同位素进行了计算,总硫分别为δ34S=1.85×10-3和δ34S≈0±3‰,接近陨石硫同位素,与围岩太古代桑干群中共生黄铁矿的δ34S值(-0.40‰~4.4‰,平均值2.46‰,即幔源特征硫)相近,说明张宣金矿带硫同位素具有太古界桑干群和幔源硫的特征。金家庄和张全庄金矿金属硫化物δ34S平均值为正值(表3),张全庄金矿53件样品δ34S为-0.20‰~5.60‰,平均值为1.88‰,金家庄金矿20件样品δ34S为-0.90‰~4.70‰,平均值为2.09‰。胡小蝶等(1990)用张全庄金矿的δ34S与大本图解上相应稳定矿物场进行对比,与FeS2曲线相符,推断其成矿溶液总硫同位素值符合大本图解的条件,其总硫δ34S=0‰,说明张全庄等金矿床也具有太古代变质岩系硫与幔源硫的特点。

图3 遵化-青龙金矿带地质简图(据李俊建,2004,修改)Fig. 3 Geological map of Zunhua-Qinglong gold belt (modified from Li, 2004)1-新生界地层;2-中生界地层;3-中新元古界地层;4-新太古代青龙河绿岩带;5-新太古代晚期滦县群;6-新太古代早期遵化绿岩带;7-中太古代迁西群;8-燕山期侵入岩;9-海西期侵入岩;10-新太古代花岗质岩石;11-地层界线;12-断层;13-金矿床(点);14-地名1-Cenozoic; 2-Mesozoic; 3-Middle-Neo Proterozoic; 4-Neoproterozoic Qinglong greenstone belt; 5-Late Neoarchean Luanxian group; 6-Early Neoarchean Zunhua greenstone belt; 7-Mesoarchean Qianxi group; 8-Yanshanian intrusive rocks; 9-Hercynian intrusive rocks; 10-Neoarchean granitic rock; 11-the boundary of stratigraphic; 12-fault; 13-gold deposit (or mining); 14-place name

遵化-青龙金矿带内主要金矿床的δ34S值变化较小、极差也较小(表3),各矿床不同硫化物的硫同位素组成无明显差异,除金厂峪和白庙子金矿床外,其他均为正值。在硫同位素组成图(图4b)接近陨石硫,反映它们的硫源比较单一,主要为深成硫(或幔源硫),且硫的均一化作用完全(梅燕雄,1997)。金厂峪金矿60件样品δ34S为-6.30‰~3.20‰,平均值为-3.33‰;钟汉等(2007)认为金厂峪金矿形成过程中,成矿温度较高,硫同位素分馏作用强烈,导致硫同位素为负值,而成矿物质主要来自地壳深部,具有幔源特征。李俊建等(2004)认为金厂峪金矿容矿围岩含有较多的磁铁石英岩,其中的磁铁矿可以产生足够的氧,使硫部分氧化,经过演化方程式(反应式)的推算,最终求得金厂峪金矿床的δ34S为3.28‰,显示与围岩硫具有一致性,说明金厂峪金矿的硫也具有幔源硫的特点。

遵化-青龙金矿带内部分金矿床的赋矿围岩太古宙迁西群δ34S为+0.8‰~1.8‰,平均值为1.33‰具有幔源特征,且与该金矿带内的金矿床的硫同位素组成十分相近,因此,遵化-青龙金矿带金矿床硫同位素可能来源于太古宙地层和地幔硫。

表1 冀北地区典型金矿床硫同位素组成Table 1 Sulfur isotopic composition of typical gold deposits in the northern Hebei

图4 冀北地区主要金矿床硫同位素组成图Fig. 4 Diagrams showing the δ34S data of main gold deposits in the northern Hebei a-张宣金矿带;b-遵化-青龙金矿带a-Zhangxuan gold ore belt; b-Zunhua-Qinglong ore belt

张宣金矿带硫同位素几乎全为较大负值,遵化-青龙金矿带几乎接近零,具较小正值,具有差异性。这可能是由于张宣金矿带具较高fO2,较大pH值,而遵化-青龙金矿带成矿流体的fO2,pH值均较低的缘故。反映同一地区, 成矿物质有大致相同来源,大致相同的物理化学性质(fO2,pH),而不同地区则存在显著差异,主要是壳幔物质混合比例的差异(王正坤等,1994)。

3.2 铅同位素

张宣金矿带和遵化-青龙金矿带内典型金矿床、主要岩体、太古宙变质岩的铅同位素组成数据整理列于表2。从表中可以看出:张宣金矿带内金矿带内的金矿床的铅同位素介于桑干群变质岩和岩体之间;遵化-青龙金矿带内金矿床的铅同位素介于迁西群变质岩和岩体之间。

王正坤等(1993)总结了张宣金矿带和遵化-青龙金矿带内赋矿岩体的铅同位素,和锶同位素(87Sr/86Sr)特征,认为东坪、后沟碱性正长岩和青山口岩体为壳幔混合来源,即MC型岩浆,而峪耳崖岩体、牛心山岩体的铅同位素在铅构造模式图上落在地幔、下地壳平均演化曲线之间,反映它们属上地幔和下地壳混合来源。

Doe和Zartman(1981)根据世界上不同地质环境中来源的铅同位素组成作出了铅的平均增长曲线,为探讨矿床中铅的来源提供了有效途径。将张宣金矿带9个典型金矿床101件铅同位素样品和遵化-青龙金矿带内9个典型金矿床的36件铅同位素投入图5、图6可以看出,两个金矿带内金矿床的投影点相对较为集中。从铅构造模式图(图5)中可以看出两个金矿带内金矿床分布在不同的区域,张宣金矿带内金矿床投影点靠上部,而遵化-青龙金矿带内金矿床投影点靠下部,但都集中地落在了下地壳和地幔之间与造山带增长曲线之间,显示了两个金矿带铅同位素的来源具有相似性,可能反映其铅同位素的来源既有太古宙变质岩中的铅,也有幔源铅的加入。在铅源示踪图(图6)上两个金矿带内金矿床的投影点多集中在造山带铅和岩浆作用铅内,个别金矿床铅同位素落在地幔铅内,少部分为于中深变质作用铅和上地壳铅内。这也说明冀北地区金矿床铅的来源既有太古宙变质岩中的铅,也有幔源铅的加入。各金矿床具体投影点的差别可能是由于地壳铅和地幔铅所占的比重不同所引起的。

表2 冀北地区典型金矿床铅同位素组成Table 2 Lead isotopic composition of typical gold deposits in the northern Hebei

图5 冀北地区金矿床铅构造模式图(底图据Zartman, 1981)(黑色-张宣金矿带,灰色-遵化-青龙金矿带)Fig. 5 207Pb/204Pb - 206Pb/204Pb(a) and 208Pb/204Pb - 206Pb/204Pb(b) ratios of typical gold deposits in the northern Hebei (black. Zhangxuan gold belt; gray. Zunhua-Qinglonggou gold belt)(base diagram from Zartman,1981) A-地幔;B-造山带;C-上地壳;D-下地壳; 1-水晶屯;2-黄土梁;3-中山沟;4-东坪;5-小营盘;6-张全庄;7-赵家沟;8-金家庄;9-后沟;10-金厂峪;11-牛心山;12-峪耳崖;13-沙坡峪;14-田家村;15-白庙子;16-胡杖子;17-唐杖子;18-花市A- mantle;B- orogene;C- upper crust;D-lower crust; 1-Shuijingtun deposits;2-Huangtuliang deposits;3-Zhongshangou deposits;4-Dongping deposits;5-Xiaoyingpan deposits;6-Zhangquanzhuang deposits;7-Zhaojiagou deposits;8-Jinjiazhuang deposits;9-Hougou deposits;10-Jinchangyu deposits;11-Niuxinshan deposits;12-Yuerya deposits;13-Shapoyu deposits;14-Tianjiacun deposits;15-Baimiaozi deposits;16-Huzhangzi deposits;17-Tangzhangzi deposits;18-Huashi deposits

图6 冀北地区金矿床铅同位素Δβ-Δγ成因图解(朱炳泉,1998)(黑色为张宣金矿带,灰色为遵化-青龙金矿带)Fig. 6 Δβ-Δγ diagram of genetic classification by ore lead isotopes of gold deposits in the northern Hebei (fterzhu,1998) (black. Zhangxuan gold belt; gray. Zunhua-Qinglonggou gold belt)1-地幔源铅;2-上地壳铅;3-上地壳与地幔混合的俯冲带铅(3a-岩浆作用;3b-沉积作用);4-化学沉积型铅;5-海底热水作用铅;6-中深变质作用铅;7-深变质下地壳铅;8-造山带铅;9-古老页岩上地壳铅;10-退变质铅1-mantle lead;2-upper lead;3-mixed lead between upper crust and upper mantle in the subduction zone(3a-magmatism;3b-sedimentation);4-chemical sedimentation lead;5-sea floor hydrothemal deposition lead;6-middle-high grade metamorphism lead;7-high-grade metamorphism lead in lower crust;8-orogenic belt lead;9-upper crust lead of old shale;10-retrograde metamorphism lead

3.3 氢氧同位素

对冀北两个金矿带内13个金矿床的85件氢、氧同位素样品进行整理列于表3,两个金矿带内氢、氧同位素变化明显。将氢、氧同位素样品(表3)数据投影到δD-δ18O关系图解上,发现除部分投影点落入岩浆水区外,大部分落入岩浆水范围附近靠大气降水线一侧的混合水区域(图7)。不同类型金矿床的投影点不存在明显的分区现象,反映成矿流体的来源及性质具有相似性,它们在成因上可能都与花岗岩有较密切的联系,两者可能具有同源性。据围岩氢、氧同位素,东坪和后沟矿区的石英二长岩、正长岩的全岩氧同位素分别为9.24‰和8.16‰,小营盘矿区浅粒岩变粒岩的全岩氧同位素δ18O石英为7.33‰~9.78‰,平均为8.55‰,张全庄矿区浅粒岩δ18O石英为7.93‰~8.27‰,平均为8.10‰,上述各类围岩的氧同位素值与相应金矿床氧同位素值相近,说明它们之间有一定的内在联系(石来生等,2007)。部分矿区赋矿围岩的氧同位素计算结果与矿区内金矿脉的氧同位素组成比较,二者也具有相似性。如小营盘矿区,矿脉的δ18OH2O值平均为7.27‰,而围岩浅粒岩、变粒岩的是7.71‰;张全庄矿区矿脉的δ18OH2O值是6.12‰,而围岩浅粒岩、伟晶岩的是6.79‰,也说明这些矿区成矿活动与变质老地层有密切联系,变质地层中的水溶液是含矿溶液的重要来源(宋瑞先等,1994)。

表3 冀北地区典型金矿床氢氧同位素组成Table 3 δ18O and δD values of gold deposits in the northern Hebei

图7 冀北地区金矿床成矿流体的δD-δ18O图解Fig. 7 Hydrogen-oxygen isotopic diagram of gold deposits in the northern Hebei 灰色-张宣金矿带;黑色-遵化-青龙金矿带;1-东坪;2-后沟;3-黄土梁;4-中山沟;5-赵家沟;6-小营盘;7-张全庄;8-金家庄;9-水晶屯;10-金厂峪;11-峪耳崖;12-牛心山;13-三家 子;14-茅山;15-水晶屯围岩;16-张全庄围岩grey-Zhangxuan gold belt; black-Zunhua-Qinglonggou gold belt; 1-Dongping deposits;2-Hougou deposits;3-Huangtuliang deposits;4-Zhongshangou deposits;5-zhaojiagou deposits;6-Xiaoyingpan deposits;7-Zhangquanzhuang deposits ;8-Jinjiazhuang deposits;9-Shuijingtun deposits;10-Jinchangyu deposits;11-Yuerya deposits;12-Niuxinshan deposits;13-Sanjiazi deposits;14-Maoshan deposits; 15-Shuijingtun deposits;16-Zhangquanzhuang deposits

4 成矿年代

前人对冀北金矿床的成矿年代学进行过许多尝试,测试方法多样,从较早的金属硫化物铅同位素模式年龄到蚀变矿物及石英的40Ar-39Ar法和K-Ar稀释法,石英流体包裹体的Rb-Sr法,再到单颗粒锆石U-Pb法均有报道,从同位素测试数据上看,冀北金矿的成矿时代从前寒武纪到中生代均有(梅燕雄,1997;李长民等,2012;李俊建等,2004;赵莎,2009;Hart C J Retal.,2002),但越来越多的同位素资料显示,冀北地区金矿床成矿时代主要集中在中生代燕山期。

近年来,冀北地区各主要金矿床(岩体)同位素测年工作取得了重要进展,图8总结了冀北地区金矿床及岩体同位素年龄,据图8的分析可知,张宣金矿带内金矿床成矿年龄变化范围为115~187 Ma,为早-中燕山期,主要集中在120~150 Ma的中燕山期。可见虽然张宣金矿带内金矿床的赋矿围岩不同,但成矿年代上具有较好的相似性,反映它们在成因上可能存在着某种联系。

遵化-青龙金矿带内金矿床成矿年龄变化范围为136~200 Ma,主要集中在160~180 Ma(图8),为早燕山期。尽管遵化-青龙金矿带内金矿床赋存于不同岩石构造中,但是成矿年代上也具有相似性,为同一时期或同一大地构造背景下形成的产物。

图8 冀北地区金矿床、岩体年龄分布直方图Fig. 8 Geological ages histograms of gold deposits and igneous rocks in the northern Hebei1-张宣金矿带;2-遵化-青龙金矿带;3- 角闪二长岩;4- 正长岩;5- 碱长正长岩;6- 石英碱长正长岩;7- 含霓辉正长岩;8-茅山花岗岩;9- 青山口花岗岩;10- 峪耳崖花岗岩;11-牛心山花岗岩;12-都山花岗岩1-Zhangxuan gold belt;2-Zunhua-Qinglong gold belt;3-Hornblende monzonite;4-syenite;5-alkali feldspar syenite;6-quartz alkali feldspar syenite;7-aegirine-bearing syenite;8-Maoshan granite;9-Qingshankou granite;10-Yuerya granite; 11-Niuxinshan granite;12-Dushan granite

空间分布上,金矿床(矿点)周围几公里内均有花岗岩出露(宋瑞先等,1994;李承东等,2004),而水泉沟碱性杂岩体则是东坪、后沟、中山沟、黄土梁金矿的赋存围岩,其成岩时代为从早海西期到晚燕山期,年龄变化范围为126~326.5 Ma,主要集中在160~200 Ma和220~240 Ma(图8b)。从年龄上可看出水泉沟碱性杂岩体可能与张宣金矿带内金矿存在着时间上的关系。遵化-青龙金矿带内金矿体与花岗岩类侵入岩及其有关脉岩在空间上紧密伴生(钟汉等,2007),花岗岩体的成岩年龄变化范围在102~339 Ma,主要集中在150~200 Ma为早燕山期,从年龄上看区内金矿的主要形成年龄大致均在花岗岩类岩石年龄的范围之内,或晚于花岗岩类形成,表明二者成因上具有一定的关系。

5 讨论

成矿物质来源判别是矿床成因研究中一个十分重要的问题,研究稳定同位素的主要目的是解决金等成矿的物质来源、富集成矿及演化等问题。前人对冀北地区太古宙地层含金性做了很多工作,总体上太古代地层含金性较高,远高于地壳平均值(表5),可能为区内金矿的矿源层。但容矿围岩含金背景值的高低,并不能作为判别其是否为矿源层的绝对和唯一标准(银剑钊等,1995),还决定于岩石金的活性。岩石中的金可分为易释放金与不易释放金两种。显然,作为矿源层的必要条件是其中含有较多的易释放金。高占林等(1987)分别用王水和HF酸对冀北地区各类岩石进行溶解实验,结果表明,斜长角闪岩中的金较其他类型岩石中的金更易于被释放出来,为斜长角闪岩是金矿矿源层提供了很好的证据。区内岩体含金性也较高(表5),张宣地区赵家沟正长岩最高,为58.0×10-9,遵化-青龙地区以峪耳崖二长花岗岩最高,为91.5×10-9,也说明冀北地区金矿床中金的来源有岩浆活动带入的深源金。王宝德等(2003)对冀北地区金矿床He、Ar、Pb同位素组成进行了深入研究,3He和4He在He同位素浓度图上落于地幔区附近,故冀北地区金矿床成矿物质应来源于地球深部,随构造演化,深部成矿流体由地球深部迁移到浅部,期间使地壳岩石(太古代老变质岩系)内金活化,壳幔流体混合。王正坤等(王正坤等,1993)通过流体包裹体的研究认为,两个金矿带金矿成矿流体具有十分相似的性质,即富CO2、中等盐度、PH值近中性,具有岩浆水和大气水混合水特点。氢氧同位素δD-δ18O图解显示大多数金矿床投影点落于靠近岩浆水的混合水区域,也说明两个金矿带成矿流体具有相同的来源,即岩浆水和大气水的混合流体。

表5 冀北地区地层、岩体金背景值(10-9)Table 5 Au values of stratigraphy and igneous rocks in the northern Hebei(10-9)

华北地块于新太古代-古元古代形成一个稳定的克拉通,自古元古代碰撞拼合以来,经历了古元古代晚期的后造山构造岩浆过程(Zhao G Cetal.,2000;翟明国等,2007;Zhang S Hetal.,2007;赵越等,2010),表现为2300~1900 Ma的造山事件以及随后的基底隆升和变质、花岗岩侵入和混合岩化作用(翟明国,2010),金厂峪金矿床含金石英的40Ar-39Ar法年龄2222 Ma,说明该次构造岩浆活动可能导致金有一定的预富集。印支末期到早中燕山期造山阶段,该期间华北克拉通在一定程度上仍然处于碰撞造山阶段,在碰撞造山过程中的松弛期,大量花岗岩浆经过同熔或重熔作用生成及上侵定位(毛景文等,2003),燕山早期中国东部及邻区环太平洋的构造作用加强,导致中国东部的构造发展逐步成为环太平洋构造的一部分,形成了中国东部的NE-NNE向的构造系统,并形成了亚洲东缘的燕山造山带(王力,2011)。燕山期华北克拉通开始活化,并转变为造山带。克拉通的“活化”与岩石圈减薄作用密切相关(LIU G D,1987;MENZIES M Aetal., 1993;DENG Jinfuetal.,2004),中生代构造转折是导致华北地块“活化”的原因(王力,2011),构造体制转折始于150~140 Ma,终于110~100 Ma,峰期是120 Ma,总体上是由挤压构造转化为伸展构造,由EW向转变为NNE向的盆岭构造格局(翟明国,2010),导致EW向造山带被近SN向或NNE向断裂切割为若干块段,被视为“块断造山运动”,即燕山运动(王力,2011)。

无论是印支末期到早中燕山期碰撞造山阶段,还是中晚燕山期岩石圈减薄地幔上涌阶段,华北东部一直存在着十分强烈的大规模构造-岩浆活动,导致幔源岩浆底侵和地壳熔融,形成广泛的岩浆侵入和大规模的火山活动,以燕山晚期最为广泛和强烈。晚侏罗世-早白垩世期间,岩石圈构造体制调整不仅导致火山喷发,而且加剧壳幔相互作用,导致冀北地区形成多条深大断裂,这些深大断裂控制了本区的岩浆活动和成矿带的分布,在漫长的地质作用过程中为热液的循环起到了导流作用,并提供了高渗透性区域,使流体得以穿过地壳向上运移(张招崇,1995)。从成矿年龄上看冀北地区金矿床(点)与显生宙花岗岩类侵入具有密切的时空及成因联系,并与有关花岗岩大体同时形成或稍晚于花岗岩,形成时代相对集中,指示金矿化是构造-花岗岩浆演化晚期的产物。中生代大规模的岩石圈地幔减薄,导致了强烈的构造-岩浆活动,使本区深部地壳发生重熔形成岩浆,岩浆把成矿所必需的热能和成矿物质从地球深部带入上地壳,而强烈的分异作用使前寒武纪上地幔源区中大量的金等成矿物质大量富集,并分离出富硅和矿质的热液。流体相与岩浆熔体最终分离,并沿断裂系统上侵就位,在地壳浅部环境下沉淀成矿(王力,2011)。

6 结论

张宣金矿带和遵化-青龙金矿带成矿物质来源相似。硫、铅同位素数据显示,二者成矿物质均来源于太古代老变质岩系和地球深部混合金,区域地质演化的差异导致壳幔物质混合比例不同,是导致金矿差异的重要原因。

致谢 在论文撰写过程中得到了李龚健博士、郑波硕士、王树志硕士的热心帮助和匿名审稿老师、编辑老师的悉心指导,在此表示衷心感谢。

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Geological Characters and Genesis of the Zhangxuan and Zunhua-Qinglong Gold Ore Belts in Northern Hebei

ZHOU Chuan-fang1,2, WANG Jian-guo1, WAMG Xian-zhong2, LIANG Zhong-kai1,2, LU Ying-chuan1,3, GONG Wei-guo2,TANG Peng-fei2, WANG Cun-zhu4

(1.CAPFGoldMineProspectingUnit3rdDetail,Harbin,HeilongjiangProvince150086;2.FacultyofGeosciencesandResources,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Beijing100083;3.GoldGeologicalInstituteofCAPF,Langfang,Hebei,China065000;4.CAPFGoldMineProspectingUnit1rdDetail,Mudanjiang,HeilongjiangProvince157021)

The Zunhua and Qinglong gold belts, located in the northern Hebei Province, are the most important gold belts containing abundant deposits and mineral resources. Though locating in the same geographical area, the two gold belts show different tectonic background, host rocks and ore-bearing structures. In this paper, the S, Pb, H, O isotopes and mineralization geochronology date of the two gold belts are systematically collected. The result shows that the S isotopic compositions of them are distinctly different, but the total δ34S of ores near to 0‰ (CDT) in contrast with stable mineral field, which resemble the δ34S data of the host rock (mainly the Archean metamorphic rocks; Zhangxuan averaging 2.46‰ and Zunhua-Qinglong averaging 1.33‰), suggesting a sulfur source derived from the Archean metamorphic rocks (mantle-affinity). Most Pb isotopic date are fall in the overlap area of mantle-, lower crust-, and orogenic belt-member, similar to those of the S isotopes, suggesting that they both form by mixing of the old metamorphic rocks and the depths source of the earth. The H-O isotopic data indicate that the ore-forming fluid mainly of mixture between magmatic water and atmospheric water. These types of deposits were formed in Early to Late Yanshanian, but mostly concentrate in Early Yanshanian. The genetic mechanism is analogous for the gold deposits from both belts. Both are formed by intense tectono-magmatic activities resulting in crust rocks remelted during Late Indosinian to Yanshanian, and mixing with deep-derived gold in magmatic belt. The gold were immigrated by magmatic hydrothermal fluid and finally precipitated in suitable space.

Zhangxuan gold belt, Zunhua-Qinglong gold belt, gold source, mineralization epoch, origin of gold deposits

2013-06-19;[修改日期]2014-05-15;[责任编辑]郝情情。

周传芳(1985年—),男,工程师,中国地质大学(北京)硕士研究生,主要从事黄金地质勘查及研究工作。E-mail:546011015@qq.com。

P618

A

0495-5331(2014)06-1024-14

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