琼西南三叠纪基性岩脉年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义
2014-06-07陈新跃王岳军韩会平张玉芝温淑女曹有金
陈新跃,王岳军,韩会平,张玉芝,温淑女,曹有金
1.湖南科技大学地质系,湖南 湘潭 411201
2.页岩气资源利用湖南省重点实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201
3.中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,广州 510640
4.中国石油长庆油田分公司,西安 710018
0 引言
基性岩脉作为地幔信息的重要载体,对研究区域大地构造演化具有重要意义。对基性岩脉的精确同位素定年和元素地球化学研究可以限定构造演化时序,并能为岩石圈演变提供制约[1-6]。海南岛地处华南地块与印支地块之间,具有复杂的地质构造演化历史[7-9],是联系和理解印支半岛和华南陆块构造演化的重要地区之一(图1)。然而,对海南基底属性及其构造区划尚有争议[7,10-18],如:杨树锋等[10]以九所-陵水断裂为界将海南岛划分为崖县和琼中南、北两个块体;Hsü等[11]和陈海泓等[12]将海南岛作为华南块体与印支块体之间的中生代造山带,石碌群为构造混杂岩;Metcalfe[13]则以白沙断裂为界,划分成东南和西北两个块体;夏邦栋等[14]及方中等[15]认为东西向昌江-琼海断裂为一古生代裂谷;李献华等[7,16]将邦溪-晨星蛇绿岩带作为华南块体与印支块体的缝合带。目前对海南海西-印支期(晚古生代-早中生代)花岗岩的研究取得了很大进展[19-25],如:Li等[20]和陈新跃等[18]在琼中五指山地区发现260~270Ma的同碰撞变形花岗岩[18,20];谢才富等[24]在三亚地区发现244Ma的石榴霓辉石正长岩等。但对与海南早中生代构造演化密切相关的基性岩的研究则少见报导[26]。笔者将系统报道海南东方中沙基性岩脉的锆石U-Pb年龄和元素地球化学特征,以期为理解海南早中生代岩石圈构造属性及其与华南、印支的碰撞历史提供新的信息。
1 区域地质和样品岩石学特征
海南岛以琼州海峡与华南大陆相隔,由北向南发育有王五-文教、昌江-琼海、尖峰-吊罗、九所-陵水等4条近EW向隐伏断裂[27];由西向东发育NE向戈枕断裂和白沙断裂[14,21-23](图1)。岛内出露地层主要有元古宇抱板群和石碌群、古生界和中生界[28-29]。抱板群和石碌群由高绿片岩相-角闪岩相变质岩组成,是海南出露最老的地层,主要分布于海南中 西 部 地 区[21-22,27,30]。 其 中:侵 入 有 1.43Ga的花岗岩体,被认为是海南最古老的结晶基底[31];寒武系和奥陶系分布于昌江-琼海断裂以南,由一套浅变质页岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、板岩组成[22-23,32-34],岛内仅发育下志留统浅海相砂岩[35-37];上古生界包括泥盆系砂岩、石炭系板岩和变火山岩、下二叠统灰岩和中二叠统砂岩等,主要分布于九所-陵水断裂以北[22-23,35-37]。海南 岛 内 花 岗 岩 出 露 非 常 广 泛,乐 东-五指山-万宁地区出露面积约800km2的中二叠世同碰撞强变形花岗岩[18,20](260~270Ma,图1),而其他变形花岗岩可能形成于格林威尔期[31]。未变形花岗岩主要为三叠纪 (186~244Ma,如琼中岩体和儋县岩体)和燕山期(150~60Ma,如屯昌岩体等)花岗岩[22-25,38]。
海南东部万宁地区发现有辉长辉绿岩脉,其形成年龄为240Ma[26]。在西部东方中沙农场同样发育有基性岩脉(图1),这些基性岩脉没有明显变形,呈灰绿色,宽度为0.3~1.5m,呈近南北走向,与围岩面理大角度截交,产状近直立,侵入于早古生代志留纪强变形砂岩中(图2a)。其中志留系砂岩强烈面理化,面理走向北西,产状235°∠32°,其同构造期黑云母 Ar-Ar年龄约为245Ma[17,39],代表了印支构造事件的变形年龄。海南中沙基性岩脉岩性为辉长辉绿岩,主要由斜长石、单斜辉石和少量角闪石组成(图2b)。其中,斜长石呈板状,体积分数为70%,单斜辉石体积分数为22%,角闪石体积分数为5%,另见少量的斜方辉石和钛铁矿,副矿物包括磷灰石、榍石和锆石等。
2 样品分析方法
图1 海南岛地质简图Fig.1 Simplified geological map of Hainan Island
图2 基性岩脉野外照片(a)和岩石显微照片(b)Fig.2 Field photographs(a)and photomicrographs(b)of basic dikes
通过人工重砂法从新鲜的样品中分选出锆石,在双目显微镜下挑选出无裂隙、无包体、透明干净的自形锆石颗粒,将其与一片RSES参考样SL13及数粒标准锆石Temora(年龄为417Ma)在玻璃板上用环氧树脂固定、抛光,再进行反射光和透射光照相,并进行BSE图像分析以检查锆石内部的结构。所有用于定年的锆石均为透明-半透明柱状矿物,内部具明显的岩浆振荡环带,与岩浆成因锆石相似。锆石U-Pb同位素分析在香港大学的VGPQ-Excel ICP-MS激光离子探针完成,激光剥蚀系统为213 nm Nd-YAG。207Pb/206Pb和206Pb/238U 计算采用GLITTER 4.0程序[40]。详细的分析步骤和数据处理方法见文献[41]。
全岩的主量元素分析在中国科学院广州地球化学研究所同位素地球化学国家重点实验室完成。主量元素分析是用Rigaku RIX 2000型荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析,分析精度为1%~5%,具体的实验流程见文献[42]。微量元素分析在中国科学院地球化学研究所用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)完成,对质量分数>10×10-6的元素分析误差小于5%,质量分数=10×10-6的元素分析误差小于8%,具体的样品制备方法和分析流程见文献[43]。
3 LA-ICP-MS锆石 U-Pb年代学
分析的锆石取自海南中沙农场基性岩脉样品11HN31A,CL图像显示锆石形态完整,有明显的振荡环带构造,属岩浆成因锆石。本次对样品11HN31A中24个分析点的激光ICP-MS锆石UPb年代学测定,其分析计算结果见表1和图3。样品11HN31A中24颗锆石分析点的Th/U变化范围为0.13~1.13,显示岩浆锆石特征[44]。所测24个点的206Pb/238U 年龄为(241±5)~(1 694±32)Ma,其中有14个分析点获得比较一致的206Pb/238U表面年龄,其206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为(242.2±2.6)Ma(MSWD=0.1,n=14),1个分析点的206Pb/238U表面年龄大于1 600Ma,其余分析点则获得一些古生代的206Pb/238U表面年龄。
4 地球化学特征
本次分析的基性脉岩的主量元素和微量元素分析数据列于表2。琼西南中沙农场9个基性岩样品的w(SiO2)为52.39%~53.44%,w(K2O+Na2O)的变化范围为5.02%~5.71%,大多数样品均富钾(2.45% ~3.29%)、高 K2O/Na2O 值 (0.91~1.63,平均1.21),在w(K2O+Na2O)-w(SiO2)图解中落于玄武质粗面安山岩-玄武安山岩成分范围,结合岩相学特征,这些基性岩脉为辉长辉绿岩(图4)。此外,琼西南基性岩脉还具有较高的w(Al2O3)(15.80%~16.14%)和较低的w(TiO2)(1.20%~1.23%)。
图3 琼西南基性岩脉锆石U-Pb谐和图Fig.3 U-Pb Concordia diagram of zircons from the mafic dykes in SW Hainan Island
图4 琼西南基性脉岩w(K2O+Na2O)-w(SiO2)岩石化学分类图Fig.4 w(K2O+Na2O)vs w(SiO2)diagram for the mafic dykes in SW Hainan Island
表1 11HN-31A样品中锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素分析结果Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analytical results for the mafic dyke(11HN-31A)
表2 基性脉岩主量元素和微量元素分析数据Table 2 Major element and trace element compositions of mafic dykes
表2(续)
琼西南基性岩脉样品具有较高的稀土元素丰度(w(∑REE)= (236.9~259.6)×10-6,平 均245.0×10-6)。轻稀土明显富集,轻重稀土比值平均为12.36,(La/Yb)N=19.39~21.06,弱负Eu异常 (δEu=0.76~0.84)。在球粒陨石标准化图解上,所有样品都表现出LREE富集的右倾斜曲线(图5a),有着与岛弧火山岩或活动大陆边缘相类似的配分模式。在原始地幔标准化多元素蛛网图(图5b)中,样品大离子亲石元素(如 Rb、Ba、Th、U)和LREE明显富集,弱的Sr、P负异常,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti明显亏损,Zr、Hf异常不明显,其配分形式相似于岛弧火山岩。
图5 基性岩脉稀土配分模式图(a)和微量元素蛛网图(b)Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized REE-patterns diagram (a)and multi-element diagram (b)
5 讨论
5.1 基性岩脉的形成时间
基性岩脉中通常存在大量的捕虏锆石,反映曾经历过的构造热事件,只有基性岩浆原生的锆石年龄才能代表基性岩脉的侵位形成时代。本文分析的锆石取自海南中沙农场基性岩脉样品11HN-31A,CL图像显示锆石形态完整,有明显的振荡环带构造,所有分析点的Th/U值均大于0.1,显示岩浆锆石特征。14个分析点获得比较一致的206Pb/238U表面年龄,其206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄为(242.2±2.6)Ma。在野外,可见基性岩脉与志留纪强变形砂岩NW向变形面理呈大角度截交,而该处NW向变形面理的形成年龄约245.0Ma(黑云母Ar-Ar年龄)[17,39]。根据构造切割关系,基性岩脉的形成时代要晚于砂岩NW面理的形成时间。唐立梅等[26]在海南岛东部万宁地区发现240.0Ma的辉长岩和辉绿岩脉,与琼西南基性岩脉有着相似的地球化学特征,可能有着相同的形成时代。因此,(242.2±2.6)Ma可解释为基性岩脉的侵入结晶年龄,其余较老的206Pb/238U年龄可能为捕获锆石年龄。
5.2 岩石成因
琼西南基性岩脉在w(K2O+Na2O)-w(SiO2)图解中落入玄武岩-玄武安山岩成分范围,且具有相对富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、K、Rb、Ba、Th)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素 Nb-Ta-Ti,Zr、Hf异常不明显的元素地球化学特征,相似于岛弧火山岩。在w(Zr)-w(Ti)(图6a)和w(Ti)/1 000-w(V)(图6b)图解上,琼西南基性岩脉落入板内碱性玄武岩的范围。样品具有较高的w(Zr)((248~274)×10-6)和Zr/Y值(10.85~11.55),表现为大陆玄武岩特征。在Nb*2-Zr/4-Y图(图7a)和Nb/Zr-Th/Zr图(图7b)上,基性岩脉样品落入板内碱性玄武岩和大陆拉张带玄武岩区。由此发现琼西南基性岩脉可能形成于拉张构造环境。
大多数样品的w(Sr)(平均为997×10-6)和w(Ba)(平均为695×10-6)较相近,表明在岩浆分异过程中它们的总分配系数KD接近于1,说明岩浆的分离结晶作用不明显,也没有确认的地球化学指标显示其在上升过程中经历明显的地壳混染。样品的Nb/U=10.95,Nb/La=0.29,Ce/Pb=3.43,远低于典型未被地壳混染的MORB和OIB的值(Nb/U=47±10,Nb/La=1.0,Ce/Pb=25±5)[45-46],且Nb/La值(0.29)明显低于大陆地壳平均值(0.7),Zr/Hf值 为 41.98,高 于 原 始 地 幔 的 Zr/Hf值(36.27±2.0),也反映其可能是受俯冲流体交代作用的影响。在 Th/Zr-Ba/Zr图解(图8)中,上述基性岩脉表现出洋壳流体交代的演化趋势。这些证据表明,该基性岩脉的岩浆源区可能受到俯冲带液体交代改造而造成地幔源区发生富集[6,47]。
5.3 构造意义
图6 基性岩脉的w(Zr)-w(Ti)图(a)和w(Ti)/1 000-w(V)图(b)Fig.6 Zr-Ti and Ti/1 000-V diagrams for mafic dykes in SW Hainan Island
图7 基性岩脉 Nb*2-Zr/4-Y图(a)和Nb/Zr-Th/Zr图(b)Fig.7 Nb*2-Zr/4-Y diagram (a)and Nb/Zr-Th/Zr diagram (b)for mafic dykes
虽然对海南基底属性及其构造区划还存在争议,但目前最新的研究资料表明海南可能分属于华南和印支2个块体[10-18]。李献华等[7,16]将邦溪一晨星蛇绿岩带作为华南块体与印支块体的缝合带,并与晚古生代(267~340Ma)Song Ma(越南)[49-51]、Truong Son(越南)北部280~270Ma的花岗闪长岩 带[52]、墨 江 弧 后 盆 地 火 山 岩 带[53]、双 沟 (云南)[54-56]基性-超基性岩带相接,构成一个近东西向延伸的弧岩浆和蛇绿混杂带,认为可以代表华南和印支块体的碰撞缝合带。五指山地区发现SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为269~262Ma的同碰撞花岗片麻岩[18,20],这些花岗片麻岩具有形成于活动大陆边缘钙碱性I型花岗岩相似的元素-同位素地球化学特征,且越南中部Truong Son Belt麻粒岩相变质年龄为250~260Ma[57],暗示华南、印支陆块于260Ma左右已经开始俯冲碰撞,在250~260Ma已经达到碰撞峰期。陈新跃等[39]和Zhang等[17]在琼中和琼西公爱地区均发现242~245Ma(糜棱岩同构造期云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄)的NW向右旋走滑韧性剪切带,与印支地块北部Song Ma、Da Nang-Khe Sanh和Song Ca-Rao Nay等韧性剪切带的变形年龄(254~240Ma)和构造特征一致[48,58-60]。同时结合区域上下三叠统陆相磨拉石沉积建造的发育[23,37],240Ma左右华南与印支陆块应处于后造山阶段。
另外从岩浆作用证据来看,海南岛约在245Ma时可能已经进入后造山伸展阶段,因为在此阶段已伴随有碱性岩和辉长岩、辉绿岩等的发育。如:谢才富等[24]在三亚地区发现244Ma的石榴霓辉石正长岩;唐立梅等[26]在万宁地区发现240Ma的辉长岩和辉绿岩脉,在分洲界发现231Ma的具有与A型花岗岩相似地球化学特征的正长岩;王大英和云平[61]也在乐东县木棉头乡一带发现了233Ma的A型花岗岩。本次研究显示琼西南中沙基性岩脉也形成于242Ma,与上述碱性岩、辉长辉绿岩和A型花岗岩具有相似的形成时代,应均形成于后造山陆内拉张的构造环境。这些暗示从245~230Ma海南地区应处于华南-印支造山运动后造山期的应力松弛阶段,产生一系列的基性岩脉和A型花岗岩等造山后碱性岩浆岩,与滇西澜沧江带和金沙江-哀牢山带碰撞后的岩浆作用在时空上相吻合[62-65]。因此,可以推断中沙基性岩的源区继承自晚二叠世-早三叠世俯冲碰撞期间,邦溪-晨星弧后盆地俯冲消减,俯冲板片脱水流体与上覆岩石圈交代而形成地幔楔。流体交代是形成上述基性岩浆源区的主导因素,碰撞后阶段的减压熔融导致热界面抬升,从而诱发地幔楔熔融而形成上述基性岩。
图8 琼西南基性岩脉的Th/Zr-Ba/Zr图解Fig.8 Th/Zr-Ba/Zr diagram for mafic dykes in SW Hainan Island
6 结论
1)LA-ICP-MS锆石 U-Pb年代学测试表明琼西南中沙农场基性岩脉的侵位形成时间为(242.2±2.6)Ma,代表海南三叠纪的一次构造-岩浆事件。
2)琼西南基性岩脉具富钾、高K2O/Na2O值、高Al2O3、低TiO2、相对富集大离子亲石元素(Sr、K、Rb、Ba、Th)和轻稀土元素、亏损高场强元素 Nb-Ta-Ti元素的地球化学特征;低的Nb/La值、与原始地幔相近的Nb/Ta值和高的Zr/Hf值暗示基性岩脉的岩浆源区可能受到俯冲带流体交代作用的影响。
3)海南约240.0Ma的基性岩脉形成于后造山陆内伸展的构造环境,暗示约在240.0Ma时,华南-印支之间的碰撞拼合已经结束。
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