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复习动词不定式的语态

2014-04-29李辉戴浩仁

高中生学习·高二版 2014年3期
关键词:动宾高二被动

李辉 戴浩仁

一、动词不定式的被动语态

1. 不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表达的动作的承受者时用被动语态。进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。

(1)作主语

It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

【考题链接】

is better to love than .

A. That, to be loved B. That, be loved

C. It, be loved D. It, to be loved

答案 D

解析 这里It为形式主语,而than连接的是两个动词不定式。

(2) 作宾语

She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.

(3) 构成复合宾语

He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

She didnt like herself to be praised like that.

(4) 构成复合谓语

The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.

(5) 作定语

Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?

【考题链接】

His first book next month is based on a true story.

A. published B. to be published

C. to publish D. being published

答案 B

解析 非谓语动词作后置定语,由时间状语next month可知所填非谓语动词表示将来的动作,用动词不定式,其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词book,不定式与逻辑主语是被动关系,故用不定式的被动式,选B。

(6) 作状语

She was too young to be assigned such work.

【考题链接】

The news reporters hurried to the airport, only the film stars had left.

A. to tell B. to be told

C. telling D. Told

答案 B

解析 reporters与tell之间为被动关系,从B、D中选。再由过去分词不能作结果状语,而不定式可以得出B项正确。

2.不定式有时还可以有完成时的被动式,在句中作主语、宾语、定语,或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等,如:

It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. (主语)

She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)

He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. (复合宾语)

The book is said to have been translated into many languages. (复合谓语)

She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. (定语)

二、不定式的主动形式表示被动意义

1.不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系,且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如:

I have something important to do tonight.

(to do 和something important 构成动宾关系,句子的主语I 是不定式的逻辑主语。)

We have masses of work to do, so I am afraid we can not keep on with the talk with you right now.

If you want to make greater progress, you still have many difficulties to overcome.

2.不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系,且不定式的逻辑主语就是被不定式所修饰的名词或代词(作直接宾语)前的间接宾语,即间接宾语和不定式构成主谓关系。如:

I will give you two more exercises to do.

(you是间接宾语,是不定式to do的逻辑主语,它们构成主谓关系,two more exercises是直接宾语,其和不定式to do构成动宾关系。)

以上两点不定式的逻辑主语均在句子里呈现,其逻辑主语(及不定式表示的动作的执行者)或是句子的主语,或是句子的间接宾语,反之,若其逻辑主语不在句子里出现,即不定式表示的动作的执行者不是句子的主语或间接宾语,那么不定式要用被动语态,注意下列两句的区别。

①Do you have any letters to post? 你有一些信要自己邮寄吗?endprint

(不定式to post用主动语态表被动,you是to post的执行者。)

②Do you have any letters to be posted? 你有一些信要请人邮寄吗?

(不定式to be posted用被动语态,主语you不是不定式to be posted的执行者,邮寄的动作由他人完成。)

3.在“be+性质形容词+不定式”中,形容词表示主语sb/sth的性质特征,“adj+to do sth”作表语,常见的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, light, good, fit, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。如:

The box is not easy to carry.

(The box与carry是被动关系,但to carry用主动表被动。)

Thoughts and feelings of all kinds are not difficult to communicate with the piano.

4. 上述“adj+不定式”结构作后置定语,不定式用主动表被动。如:

We found the problem easy to solve.

I think little Tom difficult to make friends with.

5. 在“疑问词+不定式”结构中,不定式与疑问词之间有动宾关系,可用主动表被动。如:

Who do you think can tell us what to do?

In society, I really do not know who to compete fairly with?

6. 某些动词不定式与be连用时,可用主动形式表被动。常见的有:to blame(责备), to seek(寻找), to let(出租)等。如:

In the accident, the car driver was to blame.

The causes of the fire are not far to seek.

This house is to let.

7. 在there be结构中,主语后的不定式可用主动形式表被动意义,也可用被动形式,但加上逻辑主语for sb时,必须用主动形式。如:

There is nothing to fear/to be feared.

There is nothing for me to fear.

1. 我要去北京了,你有没有什么东西要带给你儿子的?

Im going to Beijing. Do you have anything to your son? (take)

2. 志愿者会告诉你正确的路径。

The volunteer will show you the right path . (take)

3. 他们仍然有许多问题需要克服。

They still have many difficulties . (overcome)

4. 我们没有时间可以浪费。

There is no time . (lose)

5. 去年夏天,我从她那儿学习到了一些关于如何做衣服的知识。

Last summer I learned something on

from her. (dress)

1. to be taken

2. to take

3. to overcome

4. to lose/to be lost

5. how to make dress

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