可溶性髓样细胞触发受体1在感染性疾病中的研究应用进展
2014-03-29李健球综述熊旭明审校
李健球(综述),熊旭明(审校)
(1.广州医学院附属深圳沙井医院重症医学科,广东 深圳 518104; 2.广州医学院第二附属医院重症医学科,广州 510260)
髓样细胞触发受体1(triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells,TREM-1)是Bouchon等[1]在2000年首次发现的细胞膜受体,属免疫球蛋白超家族成员,其选择性地表达于中性粒细胞、成熟单核-巨噬细胞等髓样细胞表面,金属蛋白酶可以使膜上TREM-1的胞外功能区脱落成剪切变异体,为分泌亚型,是可溶性髓样细胞触发受体1(soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1,sTREM-1),在感染或炎性反应时可以特异性地分泌到血液及体液中[2-3]。在血浆、脑脊液、胸腔积液及支气管肺泡灌洗液中均可以检测到sTREM-1水平升高[4]。现就sTREM-1在感染性疾病中的应用进展综述如下。
1 sTREM-1在炎性反应的作用
大量研究提示TREM-1在炎性反应中发挥重要作用,其通过特殊的细胞信号转导途径导致其下游的促炎介质的产生(包括肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素2、白细胞介素6和白细胞介素8),导致髓过氧化物酶的产生,中性粒细胞脱粒,呼吸爆发及吞噬反应[5]。研究提示,TREM-1的活化需要其天然配体与Toll样受体(Toll like receptor,TLR)家族配体的协调作用来实现[6-7]。其中TLR4的效应因子肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β能明显上调TREM-1的表达,同时阻断TREM-1和TLR4的信号则能够完全消除促炎反应[8]。信号转导分子DAP12(DNA-X-associated protein of 12 kd)是表达于单核细胞、巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞及树突细胞表面的跨膜衔接蛋白,在DAP12的帮助下,TREM-1能够激活下游的瀑链式炎性反应信号,用TREM-1拮抗剂可以阻止TREM-1诱导的DAP12发出信号[9-10]。研究证实,核因子κB也可以高效诱导多种细胞因子,包括肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、黏附分子和催化因子,参与炎性反应的放大与延续,同时对多种酶的活性也有调控作用;而干扰TREM-1信号转导可以下调核因子κB的活性而抑制肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6及白细胞介素8等炎性介质的基因转录[11]。
Bouchon等[6]研究提示,用TREM-1胞外区和人的IgG1 Fc段蛋白(mTREM-1/IgG1)腹腔注射,可以有效降低血中的肿瘤坏死因子α及白细胞介素8的水平,对脂多糖、盲肠结扎或穿刺所造成的内毒素休克的动物模型有显著的保护作用,从而引发对这种sTREM-1的广泛研究。研究发现,sTREM-1是通过竞争与TREM-1的未知配体结合,从而阻断髓样细胞膜上的TREM-1介导的信息传导,下调炎性反应[6,12]。事实上,sTREM-1所发挥的作用可以认为是机体在炎性反应中的自我保护调节机制。
2 sTREM-1与脓毒症
Gibot等[13]对76例可疑脓毒症患者的回顾性研究显示,sTREM-1诊断脓毒症的灵敏度为96%,特异度89%,分别优于降钙素原的84%、70%,C反应蛋白的76%、67%。最近研究显示,创伤后的患者,在无并发感染时血清sTREM-1显著升高,但并发感染后sTREM-1水平会进一步显著升高,提示血清sTREM-1与创伤患者是否并发脓毒症密切相关,可以用于创伤患者非感染因素所致的全身炎症反应综合征与脓毒症的鉴别诊断[14-17]。另一项对151例社区获得性肺炎的研究发现,血清TREM-1对诊断细菌性肺炎的灵敏度是84%,特异度为40%,低于血清降钙素原和C反应蛋白[18]。一项关于63例机械通气急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的前瞻性研究发现,血清sTREM-1对脓毒性急性呼吸窘迫综合征和非脓毒性急性呼吸窘迫综合征无鉴别价值[19]。Latour-Pérez等[20]研究认为,在并发全身炎症反应综合征的重症患者中,sTREM-1对感染患者的鉴别诊断没有明显意义。Bopp等[21]对65例外科重症监护治疗病房患者(全身炎症反应综合征11例、严重脓毒症39例、脓毒性休克15例)研究发现,全身炎症反应综合征、严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者诊断后3 d内血浆sTREM-1水平与健康对照组无显著差异,死亡组和存活组血浆sTREM-1水平也无显著差异,因此建议应用sTREM-1作为脓毒症诊断和判断预后的指标需要谨慎。新生儿迟发型败血症的研究发现,sTREM-1的诊断价值不如白细胞介素6[22]。可见,血清sTREM-1对脓毒症诊断价值的存在比较大的差异,考虑可能与标本的检测方法不同有关。另外,不同部位的感染对血液sTREM-1也可能产生影响。研究显示血清sTREM-1对泌尿道感染的灵敏度只有18%[4]。
Latour-Pére等[23]和王红霞[24]等研究显示,脓毒症患者的早期血sTREM-1水平显著高于非脓毒症和正常对照组,死亡组显著高于存活组,提示早期sTREM-1水平与预后不良有关。Gibot等[25]研究发现,存活组入院当日的血sTREM-1水平显著高于死亡组,存活组的sTREM-1水平逐渐下降,而死亡组的sTREM-1水平不断上升,从而对sTREM-1的作用产生疑惑,早期的水平升高是否有保护作用,后期不断升高是提示脓毒症不能缓解,预示预后不良,将有待深入研究。
3 sTREM-1与肺炎
Gibot等[30]研究发现,肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液比非肺炎患者显著升高,如果以5 ng/L为阈值,sTREM-1对细菌性和真菌性肺炎诊断的特异度是90%,灵敏度是98%。Huh等[31]对肺炎的研究有相似的结果,细菌性和真菌肺炎患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液的sTREM-1的水平显著高于病毒性肺炎、非典型肺炎、肺结核以及非感染性患者,如果以支气管肺泡灌洗液中sTREM-1≥184 ng/L为诊断标准,其诊断细菌或真菌感染的灵敏度为86%,特异度为90%。Wu等[32]最近一项关于呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的研究结果发现,支气管肺泡灌洗液中细菌培养阳性患者灌洗液sTREM-1水平显著高于灌洗液培养阴性患者,若以起病后7~9 d下降10 ng/L为标准,灌洗液sTREM-1浓度预测死亡率的灵敏度为90%,特异度是88%。上述研究结果提示,支气管肺泡灌洗液sTREM-1水平可作为临床上细菌和真菌感染性肺炎的诊断、鉴别诊断以及判断预后有较好的价值。也有研究质疑支气管肺泡灌洗液sTREM-1对VAP的诊断价值。一项对VAP研究发现,虽然确诊呼吸机相关性肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchial alveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中sTREM-1浓度较未确诊患者显著升高,但受试者工作特征曲线下面积仅为0.58(95%CI0.50~0.65;P=0.04),提示BALF中sTREM-1水平不能有效诊断呼吸机相关性肺炎[33]。Anand等[34]研究也得出相似的结果,研究者通过免疫测定法检测105例机械通气患者BALF中sTREM-1,发现VAP患者较非VAP患者BALF中sTREM-1水平增高,以sTREM-1水平>200 ng/L为标准,其诊断VAP的灵敏度为42.1%,特异度为72.6%。
此外,还有学者提出可应用呼吸机管道呼出气冷凝液(exhaled breath condensate,EBC)中sTREM-1诊断VAP。Horonenko等[35]比较了灌洗液和冷凝液中sTREM-1对VAP的诊断价值,通过免疫酶联吸附测定检测23例怀疑VAP患者的BALF和EBC中sTREM-1,发现9例VAP患者和14例无肺部感染患者BALF中sTREM-1水平无显著差异,然而9例VAP患者EBC中sTREM-1水平较14例无肺部感染患者显著升高,提示EBC中sTREM-1水平可作为诊断VAP的可靠指标,而BALF中sTREM-1的检测对于诊断VAP没有帮助。
支气管肺泡灌洗液的sTREM-1对肺部感染性疾病的诊断价值和预后判断存在比较大的差异,考虑可能与标本获取和检测方法不同有关。
4 sTREM-1与慢性阻塞性肺疾病
Phua等[36]研究发现,肺炎和Anthonisen标准Ⅰ型急性加重慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者组的血sTREM-1水平显著高于Anthonisen标准Ⅱ、Ⅲ型急性加重组、健康对照组和支气管哮喘组,血sTREM-1水平可能对慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病情判断和抗生素的应用有一定指导意义。Radsak等[37]研究发现,慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者组的血sTREM-1水平显著高于健康对照组,血sTREM-1水平与肺功能呈负相关,sTREM-1同时可能是慢性阻塞性肺疾病潜在的炎性因子。
5 sTREM-1与胸腔积液
胸腔积液无特异性的鉴别指标,临床上难以鉴别积液的性质。Huang等[38]通过免疫酶联吸附测定检测109例胸腔积液患者的胸腔积液sTREM-1水平,分别是35例恶性胸腔积液、3l例结核性胸腔积液、2l例炎性胸腔积液和22例漏出液,结果显示,炎性胸腔积液较其他三类胸腔积液sTREM-1水平显著升高,以768.1 ng/L为阈值,其诊断炎性胸腔积液灵敏度为86%,特异度为93%。最近有一项荟萃分析显示,胸腔sTREM-1对细菌性胸腔积液诊断灵敏度为78%,特异度为84%,可以作为细菌性胸腔积液的诊断指标[39]。Chan等[40]通过用免疫酶联吸附测定检测67例胸腔积液患者胸腔积液sTREM-1水平,结果显示,炎性胸水较结核性胸腔积液sTREM-1水平显著升高,结核性感染较非细菌感染导致的胸腔积液sTREM-1显著升高;以114 ng/L为阈值,其鉴别结核性与非细菌感染导致的胸水灵敏度为87.5%,特异度为89.7%;以374 ng/L为阈值,鉴别炎性和结核性胸水的灵敏度为93.8%,特异度为90.8%。
6 sTREM-1与细菌性脑膜炎
脑膜炎的性质难以鉴别,细菌性脑膜炎脑脊液细菌培养阳性率也不高。Bishara等[41]研究21例怀疑脑膜炎或脑炎患者,发现脑脊液sTREM-1对诊断细菌性脑膜炎的灵敏度为77.8%,特异度为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为85.7%。Determann等[42]分别收集了92例社区获得性细菌性脑膜炎患者、8例病毒性脑膜炎患者以及9例正常人脑脊液标本,检测分析脑脊液中sTREM-1对诊断细菌性脑膜炎的准确性,结果显示,细菌性脑膜炎患者脑脊液的sTREM-1水平显著高于病毒性脑膜炎患者和正常人;用sTREM-1鉴别细菌性脑膜炎和非细菌性脑膜炎的诊断准确度为82%,以20 ng/L为临界值诊断细菌性脑膜炎的灵敏度为73%,特异度为77%,阳性预测值为94%,阴性预测值为34%。上述研究表明,脑脊液sTREM-1水平对细菌性脑膜炎的诊断及鉴别诊断有比较大价值。
7 展 望
sTREM-1是近年来天然免疫和炎性反应研究的热点,虽然sTREM-1在感染性疾病中的应用研究取得了很大的进步,但还存在许多争议,究其原因可能与基础研究还不够成熟有关,如sTREM-1通过何种独特的路径在炎性反应中发挥负反馈作用,起着抗炎反应作用;其次是sTREM-1的天然配体仍然未明确,研究提示其可能是一种表达于血小板表面的蛋白,但是分子结构仍然不清楚。sTREM-1和TLR-4均在炎性反应中起着非常关键的作用,两者的关系有待研究。随着越来越多的学者对sTREM-1的关注,研究方法和手段的不断进步,检测方法不断提高和完善,这些问题最终都可以解决,sTREM-1有望为炎性反应的调控和治疗带来突破,为临床上感染性疾病的诊断和预后的判断带来帮助。
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