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结肠镜检查腺瘤检出率的影响因素

2014-03-08黄敏丹综述审校

医学综述 2014年12期
关键词:结肠镜腺瘤医师

黄敏丹(综述),占 强(审校)

(南京医科大学附属无锡人民医院消化内科,江苏 无锡 214000)

结直肠癌是人类高发恶性肿瘤,在全球恶性肿瘤发病率中已上升至第3位,其病死率居恶性肿瘤死因的第二位。我国结直肠癌发病率也逐年增高,已跃居至第3~5位,其病死率已位于恶性肿瘤病死率的第5位。目前研究均表明结肠镜检查是筛查和监测结直肠癌的金标准。通过结肠镜筛查使得结直肠癌的总发生率降低了近80%。结直肠腺瘤是结直肠癌最主要的癌前病变,Kaminski等[1]通过多变量Cox风险回归模型,发现内镜医师腺瘤检出率(adenoma detection rates,ADR)与结直肠间歇期癌发生的危险性显著相关,ADR降低间歇期癌发生明显升高,说明ADR是结肠镜筛查后发生结直肠间歇期癌的一个独立危险因子。现将结肠镜检查ADR的影响因素进行综述。

1 肠道准备情况

良好的肠道准备质量是完成全结肠检查和黏膜观察的前提。肠道准备差将增加进镜难度、延长进镜时间、缩短退镜时间、降低腺瘤检出、增加腺瘤漏诊、增加结肠镜操作风险、缩短患者复查结肠镜的间期和增加医疗费用等[2]。Thomas-Gibson等[3]发现,若肠道准备充分,ADR明显较高,并发现ADR较高的内镜医师可能对肠道准备质量的要求更高,接受结肠镜培训的内镜医师对肠道准备进行正确判断,以及不接受对肠道准备不佳患者行结肠镜检查有利于提高ADR。重复结肠镜检查可以发现肠道准备不充分的初次结肠镜检查未发现的腺瘤以及高危病变,也说明了肠道准备不充分影响ADR[4]。一项欧洲多中心研究显示,在年老患者、住院患者和合并多种疾病的患者肠道清洁准备的质量相对更差,其中结肠癌的检出与肠道清洁程度无关,但是任何大小的息肉检出都与肠道清洁的程度有关,肠道准备质量提高,息肉检出率也随之提高[5]。Sherer等[6]研究指出,肠道准备质量是否充分对微小腺瘤(直径≤5 mm)和高危腺瘤的检出存在差异,两者微小ADR的比值为0.57,高危腺瘤的检出率分别为3.3%、5.0%,肠道准备充分有利于腺瘤的检出。多因素分析表明,肠道准备情况与息肉检出有关(比值比=1.21),尤其是直径≤9 mm的息肉,但是对直径>9 mm息肉的检出可能影响不大,不过这项研究需要前瞻的研究进一步证实[7]。此外,遵守肠道准备操作指南、肠道清洁剂服用的时机以及用药之后等待结肠镜检查的时间被认为影响肠道清洁质量[8]。由于肠道准备药物剂量大,影响患者的依从性,近期有研究提出分剂量的肠道准备对肠道准备质量和患者耐受都有显著提高,且显著提高ADR[9]。

2 退镜时间

内镜医师在退镜过程中完成对结肠的观察,因此充分的退镜时间能保证对结肠黏膜的仔细观察。结肠镜检查平均退镜时间与ADR存在相关性。Millan等[10]研究发现,对于有经验的内镜医师,其盲肠到达率差异不大,但医师之间的ADR相差很大,从14.2%~27.4%不等,主要原因是医师之间退镜时间差异大,退镜时间增加,ADR提高。Benson等[11]亦发现退镜时间的长短与ADR呈正相关,并且发现进境时间与退镜时间的比值与ADR呈负相关,比值<1者ADR较比值≥1者高。内镜医师平均退镜时间≥6 min者较<6 min者ADR(包括高危腺瘤的检出率)更高,两者间有显著差异,而退镜时间在6~11 min之间时,ADR高低与退镜时间的长短无关[12-13]。Lee等[14]研究发现,退镜时间延长主要是与小腺瘤和右半结肠腺瘤的检出增加相关,然而退镜时间>10 min ADR的提高不明显,平均退镜时间>6 min则与高危腺瘤的检出无相关性。2002年美国大肠癌筛查学会意见要求筛查结肠镜退镜时间≥6 min。但是,也有人认为这种规定很大程度是建立在专家观点的基础上,而且对于腺瘤的一些特殊观察手段没有评估,因此认为定义最短退镜时间为6 min可能不够[11]。有人认为除外活检和息肉切除的时间,退镜时间至少应有6~10 min[15]。Simmons等[16]认为,退镜时间至少应该为7 min才能保证较高的息肉检出率,<7 min和≥7 min的息肉检出率分别为76%、44%。也有研究发现,在要求内镜医师退镜时间≥8 min后,总体ADR和高危腺瘤ADR均显著提高[17]。但对于经验不足的培训医师,其退镜时间延长至10 min,ADR才明显提高,退镜时间≥10 min与<10 min的ADR分别为32.3%、9.5%[18]。

3 医师的经验及专业背景

医师是结肠镜检查的操作者,是控制结肠镜检查质量的重要因素。不同结肠镜检查医师之间ADR存在很大差异。在各国结肠镜筛查质量指南,即使对有经验的医师均要求每年保证200~300例筛查结肠镜检查,以确保医师行筛查结肠镜的质量[13]。也有研究认为医师的操作经验,在达到一定熟练程度后可能对结肠镜检查质量的影响不大,把医师经验分为<5年、5~10年、>10年,他们之间的ADR没有显著性差异[1]。Adler等[13]认为医师之间ADR的差异主要受医师的个人因素(如继续医学教育等)和设备因素影响,其他引起差异大的原因可能和医师的技术水平有关,但这部分因素在目前的研究中无法评价。一项回顾性调查显示,接受内镜培训医师的培训时间不同,ADR差异大,培训时间越长,ADR越高[19]。有经验医师与内镜培训医师相比,内镜培训医师的ADR明显偏低,包括对小腺瘤的检出率也较低[20]。但在上级医师监督下,内镜培训医师的ADR较高,尤其是小腺瘤(<5 mm)的检出率(有上级医师监督的ADR为25%;无上级医师监督的ADR为17%)[21]。另有研究指出,有上级医师在旁指导内镜培训医师的ADR比单独由上级医师完成的ADR高(OR=1.32)[19]。也有研究发现,对于有经验的医师,培训医师的参与对ADR影响不是很大[22]。Sanduleanu等[23]认为胃肠专业医师与胃肠专业培训医师相比,两者ADR比较没有显著差异,病变的检出主要依赖于医师的临床意识。此外,内镜医师的专业背景亦是影响结肠镜检查质量的重要因素,其对ADR的影响比患者年龄和性别因素影响更大[24]。有研究指出,消化专业结肠镜医师比非消化专业结肠镜医师的ADR更高[25]。

4 辅助观察及成像方法

除了提高传统的结肠镜检查方法,应用一些辅助手段,可能也有助于提高腺瘤的检出率。高分辨率染色内镜检查较传统结肠镜检查更易发现扁平腺瘤和小腺瘤[26]。Pohl等[27]发现染色内镜检查较常规结肠镜检查ADR增加,特别是扁平腺瘤和锯齿状腺瘤的检出率增加,但对高危腺瘤的检出率影响不大。也有研究指出,虽然染色内镜对总体ADR没有影响,但能够显著提高扁平小腺瘤(<5 mm)的检出率[28]。有研究包括荟萃分析认为与常规肠镜相比染色内镜并没有提高ADR[29]。在结肠镜的前端安装透明帽,有助于折叠和皱襞口侧部位的结肠黏膜充分展现观察,因此使用透明帽辅助观察,ADR(49.3%)要显著高于常规结肠镜检查(39.1%)[30]。Horiuchi等[31]也证实使用透明帽与常规结肠镜检查相比,腺瘤检出的数目明显增多。但也有研究指出使用透明帽可以缩短盲肠到达的时间,尤其是可以缩短无经验内镜医师的结肠镜检查时间,降低肠镜检查期间患者的不适感,但不增加ADR[32-33]。反复肠道冲洗吸引可以清洁肠道废物,使得总体ADR提高8%,近端结肠的ADR提高11%,近端结肠<10 mm的腺瘤的检出率提高12%[34]。由于肠道冲洗会延长检查时间,Yen等[35]便将肠道冲洗吸引与透明帽结合运用,发现不仅可以缩短检查时间,而且可以提高ADR。还有研究在结肠镜检查时应用升结肠和直肠反转技术,认为能够观察到直视下观察不到的黏膜,从而提高腺瘤检出[36-37]。然而,辅助手段对结肠镜检查质量的影响也存在争议,一些研究包括随机对照研究认为这些方法作用均有限,与常规结肠镜检查相比,ADR并没有显著差异[38]。

5 盲肠到达情况

结肠镜检查时只有到达回盲部才能保证整个结肠的观察,否则必定会因为一部分肠道黏膜未观察,而减少腺瘤的检出。未能完成全结肠检查的乙状结肠镜筛查ADR为8.6%~15.9%,明显低于全结肠检查的ADR,也就意味着将出现很大的漏诊量[39]。因此,盲肠到达是成功完成全结肠镜检查最基本和重要的要求[1]。20世纪90年代就有报道指出,有经验内镜医师盲肠插管率>90%[40]。目前结肠镜筛查盲肠到达率要求≥95%[41]。结肠镜检查质量的保证仅仅依靠盲肠到达是远远不足的,因为其不能保证结肠黏膜的观察质量[10]。

除以上相关技术因素影响结肠镜检查质量外,结肠镜操作单位(医院)的规模或水平差异对ADR也有显著影响,de Jonge等[42]选择了荷兰的12家不同规模及水平的医院(6家教学医院和6家综合性医院),发现其ADR在13%~31.5%之间。此外,一些客观因素也影响腺瘤检出。不同直径腺瘤其漏检率有明显不同,≤5 mm的漏检率为20%~30%,6~9 mm的漏检率为10%~15%,≥10 mm的漏检率为2%~12%,间接说明腺瘤直径越大,越容易检出[43]。高危腺瘤检出的影响因素包括高龄、男性患者、第1次肠镜检查发现高危腺瘤以及患有高危腺瘤的病史等[44]。有研究指出,男性患者ADR显著高于女性(25% vs 15%)[45]。也有研究发现女性患者与男性患者ADR的比例为0.56[6]。随着年龄的增长,ADR升高,如30岁的患者ADR为14.6%,而70岁将达到35.2%[24]。患者的结肠癌家族史,吸烟史也会影响ADR[46]。结肠镜检查ADR与检查的时间也有相关性,上午比下午ADR高(29.3% vs 25.3%),而其原因有待进一步研究[47]。

6 小 结

通过结肠镜检查,左半结肠癌的发生率显著降低,右半结肠癌发生率降低50%,不同年龄段和临床分期结直肠癌的发病均显著降低。目前研究发现,结肠镜检查ADR的影响因素主要有肠道准备情况、退镜时间、检查医师的经验和专业背景、结肠镜检查过程中的辅助观察和成像方法、盲肠的到达情况、结肠镜操作单位的规模或水平、腺瘤的特征等,但是大多研究都是针对上述因素之一的单因素研究,而未考虑因素与因素之间存在的相互影响,可以针对上述所有因素进行多因素研究,进一步分析结肠镜检查腺瘤检出的独立影响因素。

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