拆解

拆解

Deconstruction

今天，一个普通建筑的平均使用寿命是30年多一点。使用寿命一到，就会成为一堆巨大的混合垃圾。一些建筑师认为，在设计建筑时就应想到如何便于拆除，以及材料如何被重复使用或回收。

Today, the average life expectancy of a typical building is little more than 30 years. It ends its life as an enormous pile of mixed waste. Some architects argue that buildings should be conceived so that they can easily be taken apart again and its materials reused or recycled.

设计者和制造商不仅仅把自己的责任局限在法律的最低要求上，他们优化了材料流，并相应地实现自己的设计。

Designers and manufacturers extend their responsibility beyond the legal minima to optimize material streams, and realize their designs accordingly.

这些砖是机械连接，以便拆除。到目前为止，尚无任何重复使用的记录。该产品还非常年轻。子孙后代会不会欣赏这些砖的外观？

These bricks are attached mechanically to allow for dismantling. So far no cases of re-use have been recorded. The product is still very young. Will future generations appreciate the look of the bricks?

被设计得易于拆除的建筑物。同时，它已成为一个标志，不太可能会被很快拆除。

A building that was designed to be easily dismantled. In the meantime, it has become an icon, it's very unlikely it will be taken down soon.

使用这些工具的专业建材回收人员建议：“无论你做什么，千万不要粘上。”

Advice from the professional building materials salvagers who use these tools： "whatever you do, don't glue it."

评论

何可人：现在新建筑的寿命都只有30年左右。建筑师和建材厂商是否要扩展一下服务范畴，设计的时候就考虑到以后能简单地拆除并再利用的材料？这里展示的是可拆装厨房，不加装修的石灰石块搭建的住宅，不用水泥砂浆只用不锈钢夹子固定的砖墙。建造这些建筑就像组装板式家具，详细的说明必不可少，而特殊的工具也是必需的。座右铭是：“不管怎么干，千万别粘！”

黄伟文：可拆建和重复利用是一种环保做法。用不锈钢扣件连结而免除灰浆粘接的精致立面用砖，和欧洲千百年来用石块铺地并可重复利用是同一思路。为了重复拆解，甚至要设计与之配套的起钉工具。但整个建筑被拆解的机会还是很少，尽管当年的香港汇丰银行早就宣称能拆解重装。作为来自一个大拆大建、快速造城环境里的我，既期待这一建筑体系的完善普及，又担心我们是否有足够耐心像建造时候那么耐心地去拆解每一块砖头。刘家琨在2008年用四川地震后的建筑废料压制的再生砖已经工厂量产，深圳也有大型工厂将旧改更新拆除出来的建筑垃圾加工成建材。这两种循环利用建材的思路，也许体现了不同的工艺与建筑文化。

Comments

HE Keren:Today's new buildings have an average the life span of about 30 years. Should their architects and manufacturers extend their purviews to consider how these buildings might be dismantled at the end of their useful lives? These examples of this kind of thinkingthe kitchen in which all parts might be removed and reused, the house built of unfinished limestone blocks and the terra-cotta wall laid without mortar or gluepropose ways to make building a house like assembling furniture down to the detailed instructions and specially designed tools. The motto is "Whatever you do, don't glue it!"

HUANG Weiwen:Dismantlement and reuse are sustainable strategies. Assembling bricks on a facade with removable stainless steel clips instead of permanent cement or glue is conceptually similar to the European tradition-thousands of years oldof paving the ground with reusable stones. In order to repeatedly dismantle a structure, a complete set of tools for efficiently removing nails and other fasteners should be designed. But opportunities to dismantle a whole building are still rare, despite the long-standing claim that it is possible to disassemble the HSBC building in Hong Kong. As an individual from a urban environment where old buildings are quickly demolished and new buildings are as rapidly built, I can only hope that an architectural system based on deconstruction and reuse could become commonplace. But I worry whether we would dismantle each brick as patiently as we build it. After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, the architect LIU Jiakun produced compressed recycled bricks from debris of destroyed buildings, and this type of brick is already being mass-produced by factories. In Shenzhen, some large factories have started to produce other types of building materials from building waste. Those two ideas of recycling reflect different techniques and certainly different building cultures.

1 “拆解”展台/The table of "Deconstruction"

2、3 模块化厨房家具图片和图示，这些家具可重复使用率达90%，回收率达100%。 Valcucine承诺在用户使用后收集和回收产品。

Image and diagram of modular kitchen furniture designed to be 90% reusable and 100% recyclable. Valcucine commits to collect and recover the product when the user is done with it.

项目/Project： Meccanica and Invitrum，Demode & Valcucine，意大利，2011年/Meccanica and Invitrum by Demode & Valcucine, Italy, 2011（草图/Sketch： Meccanica by Demode Engineered & Valcucine, 摄影/Photo： Invitrum by Valcucine）

4 粘土烧制的立面砖，用不锈钢夹子代替水泥或胶组装成形。这可以很容易地拆解，制造商希望砖块能被再次使用。Facade bricks in fired clay, shaped to be assembled with stainless steel clips instead of cement or glue. This allows for easy dismantling and, the manufacturer hopes, the reuse of the bricks.

ClickBrick， Daas Baksteen， Azewijn（荷兰），2012年/ ClickBrick by Daas Baksteen, Azewijn (Netherlands), 2012

5 “ReUse People”所使用的工具，这个专业从事建筑拆解的非营利组织，以环保方式代替拆除。他们回收的建材被出售再利用。

a.Reconnx 取钉器是一种气动取钉器，用于取出木材和地板的钉子（图5右）。

b.取钉器说明书，带手绘插图（图5左）。

c.定制锄：锋利边缘被切断。该工具（带手柄）所起的作用是轻松地撬开地板钉而不损坏它们（图4中）。

Tools used by the ReUse People, a non-profit organisation specialising in building deconstruction as an environmentally friendly alternative to demolition. The building materials they salvage are sold for reuse.

a. Reconnx Nail Kicker is a pneumatic nail remover, used for denailing lumber and flooring (Fig. 5, right).

b. Instruction sheet for the Nail Kicker with hand drawn illustrations (Fig. 5, left).

c. Customised pick axe： the pointed edge was cut off. The tool (with handle) functions as a long lever to easily pry out nailed floorboards without damaging them (Fig. 4, middle).

The Reuse People，美国，1993年/The Reuse People, USA, 1993

6 一所自身能够满足供热需求的独户房模型（1：100）。太阳能电池产生足够的电力，用于能源概念和控制工程。用螺栓和榫接连接使住宅可以拆卸，更易于回收。建筑师为自己建造了这座样板房；它成为高科技可持续发展的一个标志。

Model (1：100) of a single family house that is self-sufficient in meeting its heating requirements. Solar cells produce sufficient electricity for the energy concept and control engineering. Bolted and mortise-and-tenon joints make the dwelling dismountable and easier to recycle. The architect built this prototype house for himself. It figures as an icon of high-tech sustainability.

项目/Project：住宅R128，维尔纳·索贝克，斯图加特（德国），2000年/House R128 by Werner Sobek, Stuttgart (Germany), 2000

7 一个由大块石灰石板材建造的社会福利住房项目局部模型（1：20）。用于室内和室外40cm厚墙体上的承重砌块都是干粘，并且没有经过表面处理。建筑师想使用天然石材建造，因为据他说，由于没有经过表面处理，再加上良好的热惰性，以及可以方便地重复使用，建筑将具有出色的环境性能。

A social housing estate built with large limestone slabs (Partial model, 1：20). The load bearing blocks are dry assembled and left unfinished, both on the interior and the exterior of the 40cm thick walls. The architect came to specialise in natural stone construction because, according to him, it allows for outstanding environmental performance thanks to the absence of finish, good thermal inertia and the fact that the blocks can be easily reused.

项目/Project：科尔内巴略社会福利住房，Perraudin建筑事务所，科尔内巴略（法国），2011年/Cornebarrieu Social Housing by Perraudin Architecture, Cornebarrieu (France), 2011