烟囱

烟囱

Chimneys

自19世纪以来，烟囱一直代表着空气污染和有害气体排放。这个工业革命的标志是否可以被重新改造成为可持续发展的一种当代符号？

Since the 19th century, the chimney has stood for air pollution and harmful emissions. Can this icon of the industrial revolution be reinvented to become a contemporary symbol of sustainability?

在认识到地球的承载能力有限以前，将污染物排放到空气中被等同于消除污染。现在，这种情况已经改变，对烟囱存在一种认同危机。

Before the realization that Earth’s carrying capacity is limited, sending pollutants into the air was equal to getting rid of them. Now this has changed and the chimney has an identity crisis.

因此，建筑中的烟囱必须加以伪装，有时烟囱被改名为“通风井”。

So, in architecture chimneys have to be disguised, sometimes being renamed： “ventilation shafts”.

烟囱成了污染的代名词。

Chimneys became synonymous with pollution.

可持续发展是否能够颠覆烟囱的形象？在这里，一个高塔被用来引入新鲜的空气。

Can sustainable development turn the chimney's image upside down? Here a tower is used to draw in fresh air.

乐观地看，烟囱是一种妥协：排气是不可避免的，但已经尽量减少。

At best, a chimney is a compromise： the exhaust was inevitable, but has been minimized.

或者，我们是否应该欣然接受烟囱原有的功能，关注它，并为它对我们的选择所发出的明确信号而欢呼？

Or should we embrace the chimney for its original function, draw attention to it and celebrate it for the clear signals it sends about our choices?

评论

何可人：烟囱一向被视为空气污染的罪魁祸首。人们做出了许多努力，希望改变烟囱的负面效应。例如更新的热力站，或者是可携带的微型炉具。但是，一向喜欢挑战传统类型、喜欢设计“好玩”建筑的丹麦事务所BIG并不满足于简单的折衷思路，他们设计的哥本哈根的垃圾处理厂的烟囱，每燃烧1t的垃圾便会吐出一个直径30m的烟圈；同时，处理厂独特的造型还可作为滑雪坡道。如此以往，烟囱是否能变身成为可持续性的亲善大使？

黄伟文：烟囱过去和现在分别成了工业化和大气污染的象征，将来会成为可持续的象征么？如能善加利用“烟囱效应”来增加空气流动、保持空气新鲜度和适宜温度，也许烟囱可以从一种环保的负面角色转化为正面的城市与建筑的节能符号。当然，这种转化也伴随着形象的转化，比如，中东沙漠干热地带的新的拔风烟囱可以延续当地古老的风塔传统，新加坡海湾花园则把兼有拔风用途的设施设计成超级大树。不过，这种标志型形象也会异化为仅仅是新的绿色符号标签么？

Comments

HE Keren:Chimneys are thought to be major criminal when it comes to air pollution. Tremendous efforts have been made to improve this negative image, efforts such as the renovation and repurposing of power stations or portable biomass furnaces. But the young Danish firm BIG, whose playful designs tend to challenge traditional typologies, are not satisfied with mere improvement. The chimney they designed for Copenhagen's waste incinerator plant puffs a smoke ring of 30m in diameter for each ton of CO2it releases (its winding roof also functions as a ski slope). Can ideas like this transform the chimneys into goodwill ambassadors?

HUANG Weiwen:Chimneys, once signs of the energy of industrialization, have become symbols of air pollution. Can they become signs of sustainability? If we can take advantage of the "chimney effect" to increase airflow, to keep air fresh and optimize air temperature the chimney could be transformed into a positive symbol of energy saving buildings and cities. Of course, this functional transformation could be accompanied by an image transformation. New images which might include a new thermal chimney in the hot and dry desert in the Middle East that continues the local tradition of ancient wind towers or Singapore's Bay Garden residence whose thermal chimneys resemble enormous trees. But will these images of sustainability be turn out to be feasible or will they remain just images?

1 “烟囱”展台/The table of "Chimneys"

2 用来放在灯的开关上的贴纸，提醒人们CO2是电的副产品。

Sticker designed to be placed above a light switch as a reminder that CO2is a byproduct of electricity.

项目/Project：灯开关贴，Hu2设计工作室，安托万·特西·特德斯奇，法国，2007年/Light Switch Sticker by Hu2 Design, Antoine Tesquier Tedeshi, France, 2007

3 刊登一篇全球变暖和建筑行业之间关系的文章的杂志。研究调查了住宅楼、商业建筑和工业建筑的能耗数字以及建筑材料的物化能耗值。

Magazine with an article on the correlation between global warming and the building sector. The study examines energy figures for residential, commercial and industrial buildings and the embodied energy of construction materials.

“建筑师污染”，都会杂志，纽约，2003年/Architects Pollute by Metropolis Magazine, New York, 2003

4 使用生物质（树枝、松果等）作为燃料的便携式炉子。炉子将热量转换成可用的电能，驱动一台小风扇为炉火扇风，并保证了高效的无烟燃烧。多余的电力可以用来：“在您做饭的时候为您的手机、灯和其他小工具充电。”这种野营炉是一种非洲农村的室内厨灶设备的休闲版。

Portable stove that uses biomass (twigs, pine cones etc.) as fuel. The stove converts heat into useable electricity that powers a small fan to ventilate the fire and guarantees an efficient smoke free combustion. Surplus power can be used to： "charge your phones, lights and other gadgets while you cook dinner." This CampStove is the recreational version of a device intended for the market of indoor cooking stoves in rural Africa (HomeStove). BioLite野营炉，亚历山大·德拉蒙德和乔纳森·锡达/BioLite，美国，2011年/BioLite CampStove by Alexander Drummond & Jonathan Cedar /BioLite, USA, 2011

5-7 在法国前军事基地的空地上，违章居民赢得了在4个营房（原来共20个营房）居住的权利。居民们向市政府施压，要政府以生态友好的方式开发此地。1990年代中期，一个容纳5000住户的“可持续发展示范区”的建设开始。

a. 烧天然气、生物气体和木屑的高效热电联产居住区电站轴测图（图5、6）

b. 同一电站在2003年翻修后的照片（图7）

On the vacant site of a former French military base, squatters won the rights to four of the original twenty barracks. The inhabitants pressed the City Council to develop the site in an eco-friendly way. In the mid 1990's construction of "a sustainable model district" began which today houses 5000 residents.

a. Isometric drawing of the highly efficient combined heat and power neighbourhood power station that burns natural gas, bio gas and wood chips (Fig. 5, 6)

b. Photo of the same power station after its renovation in 2003 (Fig. 7)

项目/Project：沃邦供暖系统，Badenova Wärmplus，弗赖堡（德国），2002年/Vauban Heating System by Badenova Wärmplus, Freiburg (Germany), 2002（摄影/Photo： David Veer）

8-12 风塔是马斯达尔城已建成部分的核心特征。它是一个45m高的垂直井架，顶部装有通过传感器带动的百叶窗。用雾发生器将进入的沙漠风冷却后，为下面的院子带来凉爽的微风。一个建筑师组织的团队对风塔的使用效果进行了后期评估。视频和模拟系列：

a. 气球测试

b. 烟雾测试

c. 盛行风向测试

d. 雾发生器效果测试，使用热感摄像头

The Wind Tower is a central feature of the built portion of Masdar City. It is a 45m tall vertical shaft, equipped with sensor-activated louvres on top. It captures incoming desert winds, cools them with mist generators and distributes the cooled breeze in the courtyard below. The tower's effectiveness was tested during post occupancy evaluations (POE) conducted by a team from the architect's office.

Series of videos and simulations：

a. Balloon tests

b. Smoke tests

c. Prevalent wind direction tests

d. Tests on the effects of mist generators, using a thermal camera

项目/Project：马斯达尔城，福斯特+合伙人事务所，阿布扎比（阿联酋），2023年/Masdar City by Foster + Partners, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), 2023

13、14 丹麦最繁忙火车站周围公共空间改造的效果图和剖面图。该设计不得不结合内燃机车驱动列车轨道通风所必需的井架。建筑师利用这些“烟囱”作为光图腾。

Render and section for the renovation of a public space around the busiest train station in Denmark. The design had to integrate the shafts necessary to ventilate the underlying tracks for trains driven by diesel locomotives. The architects made use of these "chimneys" as light totems.

项目/Project： Nørreport站，COBE事务所，戈特利布·帕卢丹建筑事务所，哥本哈根（丹麦），2015年/Project：Nørreport Station by COBE and Gottlieb Paludan Architects, Copenhagen (Denmark), 2015

15、16 垃圾焚烧厂，有一个综合滑雪坡道，每释放1t的CO2就喷出一个直径30m的烟圈。2011年，哥本哈根拒绝了一个项目40亿美元的贷款担保，因为它将焚烧炉的容量增加30%至每年56万t垃圾，将每年的CO2排放量从14万t扩大到20万t。“这个城市不是要燃烧更多的垃圾，而是希望把重点放在更有效地管理垃圾的技术和政策上。”

最近该项目已经开始建设。建筑杂志Abitare最近发表的一篇文章认为，因格尔斯的个人魅力在重提已停止的兼任滑雪坡道的焚烧炉停止项目中起到了关键作用。“新工厂是我们在BIG称之为享乐主义可持续发展的典范——即可持续性不是一种负担，而一个可持续发展的城市可以真正改善我们生活质量的理念。”

a. 效果图，修改后的设计，2013年3月发布（图15）

b. 早期的模型（1：500，图16）

A waste incinerator plant, with an integrated ski slope, designed to puff a smoke ring of 30m in diameter for every ton of CO2released. In 2011, Copenhagen refused a loan guarantee of 4 billion dollars for a project because it increased the incinerator's capacity by 30% to 560000 tons of waste annually, expanding annual CO2emissions from 140000 to 200000 tons. "Instead of burning more trash, the city would like to focus on technologies and policies that more efficiently manage waste." Recently construction of the project has started.

A recent article in the architecture magazine Abitare suggests that Ingels' personal charm played a key role in bringing reviving the halted project for the incinerator that will double as a skislope. "The new plant is an example of what we at BIG call Hedonistic Sustainability-the idea that sustainability is not a burden, but that a sustainable city can in fact improve our quality of life."

a. Render, for a modified design, released in March 2013 (Fig. 15)

b. Early model (1：500, Fig. 16)

项目/Project：阿马加尔垃圾电站，BIG事务所，哥本哈根（丹麦），2017年/ Amager Waste-to-Energy Plant by Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), Copenhagen (Denmark), 2017（视频/ Video： Realities：United.）