院士风采

施履吉

1917.10.26～2010.12.14

细胞生物学家。江苏仪征人。1940年获浙江大学园艺系学士学位。1951年获美国哥伦比亚大学动物系哲学博士学位。中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所研究员。用高精度、高灵敏度定量定位法证实胚胎发育双梯度的理论，从而结束了实验胚胎及化学胚胎学术界的长期争论；是国际上最早发现细胞质内DNA的科学家之一；首先用受精卵作DNA受体细胞探讨DNA的作用，为高等动物遗传转化打下基础，并首先发现分离染色质可以形成细胞核，开辟了一条研究领域；1985年提出以动物个体作为生物工程发酵罐并与合作者获得了转基因动物；与合作者对染色体关键元件——着丝粒进行系列研究获得其DNA。创建了中国科学院生物实验中心。1980年当选为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Cell biologist. Born in Yizheng, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from Horticulture Department, Zhejiang University in 1940. Received Ph.D. from Zoology Department, Columbia University, USA in 1951. Research professor, Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Shi proved the double-theory of embryo development by using high precision and high sensitive quantitative location method, which ended the protracted debate in the field of experimental embryology and chemical embryology. He is one of the scientists in the fworld who first found DNA in cytoplasm. He first investigated the function of DNA by using fertilized egg as DNA receptor, which laid the foundation of genetic transformation of higher animal. He is also the first who foun that isolated chromatin could form cell nucleus, which created a new research area. In 1985, he proposed to use individual animal as biological engineering fermentor and acquired transgenic animals with his collaborators. Moreover, he has done a series of research on centromere, a key element of chromosome, and obtained its DNA. He established the Biological Experiment Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences.

He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

娄成后

1911.12.07～2009.10.16

植物生理学家。原籍浙江绍兴，生于天津。1932年获清华大学生物系理学士学位；1934年获岭南大学硕士学位。1939年获美国明尼苏达大学博士学位。北京农业大学教授兼中国科学院上海植物生理研究所研究员。首先证明植物生活组织中通过胞间丝具有“细胞间的电偶联”，显示电解质可以在组织的原生质内部转移；还证明胞间连丝可以在适当情况下转变为开放通道，容许原生质与病毒等大颗粒通过。电化学波（动作、变异、持续震荡）在体内的传递不仅限于少数敏感植物，而且在适当条件下出现在普通植物中；局部（如根系）收到刺激或伤害，或是逆境的胁迫就会发出电化学波或激素，通过维管束较快地传递到冠部，随即在叶片上出现反应（如气孔关闭）。首先在国内探讨类似生长素2,4—D机理的基础上，开展“生物化学调控剂”在调节作物生育与防除田间杂草的应用，从而发展出保持农田水土与节省人工的残茬覆盖减耕作业。1980年当选为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

BA from the Department of Biology, Tsinghua University in 1932, MA from Lingnan University in 1934 and Ph.D. from the Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, USA in 1939. Professor, Tsinghua University and Beijing Agricultural University , and research professor, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Chinese Academy of sciences.

Lou made accomplishments on material transport and information transmission in plant development. He first discovered “intercellular electrical coupling” in living plant tissue, revealed the transport of electrolytes within the tissue protoplasm and of enlargement the plamodesmata into open channel to allow the passage of protoplasmic ingredients and virus particles. He found that the eletro-chemical ware (including action, variation, & rhythmic pulsations ) transmission in excitable tissue is not limited to a few sensitive plants, but can be found under proper conditions in many ordinary plants and that part of the plant (e.g. root ) subjected to stimulation, injury or drought stress is able to send out electro-chemical wave or hormonal secretion through vascular bundle to the whole body, eventually inducing proper response in leaves ( e.g. stomatal closure ). He is the first in China to conduct studies on physiological mechanism of 2,4-D, its application as bio-chemical regulator and weed killer and to develop the labor-saving and soil-conserving “ residue mulching & reduced tillage system ”.He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

姚錱

1915.10.18～2005.11.04

实验生物学、肿瘤生物学家。江苏常熟人。1937年毕业于浙江大学生物系。1949年获英国爱丁堡大学哲学博士学位。中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所研究员。从事实验肝癌等研究，建立了肝癌模型，发现化学物质诱发肝癌的发生率和肝癌组织学类型的性差别与营养因素有关。他和合作者建立了甲胎蛋白分离提纯和免疫检测方法，首先用于普查，为早期发现肝癌做出了贡献，并发现人体肝癌细胞还具有一种新的膜相关胚胎抗原。组织和主持了抗人肝癌单克隆抗体的研究，在国际上首次获得了具有较好选择性的抗人肝癌单抗，经用放射性点标记后已成功地用于临床肝癌患者定位诊断和治疗。开展对小鼠胚胎肝癌细胞和胚胎干细胞的研究，建立了许多克隆细胞株，进行体外诱导分化和转基因等研究。1980年当选为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Experimental biologist and cancer biologist. Born in Changshu, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from the Department of Biology, Zhejiang University in 1937. Received Ph. D. from the University of Edinburgh, UK in 1949. Research professor, Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In the field of experimental hepatic tumor, Yao established the transplantable hepatoma and discovered that the incidence of hepatoma induced by chemical carcinogen and the sexual difference of the histological type of hepatoma are related to dietary factors. He and his collaborators developed methods for the purification of d-fetoprotein (AFP) and its immunoassay. He is the first to use immune-diffusion method in mass screening, contributing to the early discovery of hepatic tumor. He also discovered that human hepatic tumor cells have a new membraneassociated embryonic antigen. He organized and directed the research on monoclonal antibodies against human liver cancer and obtained some most selective and specific antibodies, which are successfully used in tumor imaging and therapy of liver cancer after radioactive iodine labeling. He is currently studying the biology of mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells. He has established several clone cell lines and is undertaking induced differentiation in vitro and transgenic studies.

He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.

徐冠仁

1914.03.07～2004.02.18

核农学家。江苏南通人。1934年毕业于国立中央大学。1946年～1956年在美国学习和从事研究工作。1950年获美国明尼苏达大学博士学位。1956年回国，创建中国农业科学院原子能利用研究所，任研究员、名誉所长。他成功地进行高粱雄性不育系的转育和辐射与同位素的研究，育出我国第一个高粱杂交种，取得显著的经济效益；利用小麦单体缺体整套材料开展遗传育种研究；主持“水上无土种植水稻”获得成功，在世界上尚属首次。在美国曾采用热中子和X-射线处理小麦，成功此得到抗杆锈病突变中，为当时抗病育种指出新途径，收到国际上的重视。1986年美国明尼苏达大学授予他杰出成就的奖章与奖状。1980年当选为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Nuclear agriculturist. Born in Nantong, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from National Central University in 1934. Studied and conducted research in the USA from 1946 to 1956. Received Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1950. Returned to China in 1956. Research professor and honorary director, Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Xu is noted fro the peaceful use of atomic energy in agriculture. He founded the Institute for Application of Atomic Energy and successfully conducted the alternative breeding of sorghum male sterile line and the research on radiation and isotope. He cultivated the first sorghum hybrid and achieved prominent economic profits. He used a whole set of wheat monosomic and nullisomic materials to start the research on wheat heredity. He organized successfully the research on “Planting rice without soil on the water”, which was the first effort in the world. He treated wheat with hot neutron and X-ray in the USA and gained resistant mutant. This opened a new way for resistant disease breeding and was highly praised in the world. He received the Outstanding Achievement Award offered by the University of Minnesota in 1986.

He was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980.