中考英语阅读理解科普知识类

【命题特点分析】

科普知识介绍文是中考英语阅读理解选材的重要内容，也是中考英语阅读理解的考查难点。它着重向读者介绍科学新发明、新发现、新创造，介绍生产新工艺、制造新方法，让读者了解科学知识，从而努力拼搏学好科学知识，并用所学科学知识为人民服务。因对科普知识介绍文的内容读者缺乏相应了解，因此理解难度较大。同时科普知识介绍文中多会出现解释性、定义 性、说明性长句，句子结构较为复杂，因此阅读时同学们一定要保持冷静，切勿急躁，要始终保持平静的心态。阅读时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系，这样才能对其作出准确理解。相信只要投入地阅读、审题、解题，是一定能读懂科普知识介绍文并正确解答相关试题的。

科普知识介绍文常见题型如下：

1. 生词词义判断题

不少科普知识介绍文介绍科学发明、科学发现和先进工艺流程，常出现一些反映现代科技的生词，因此出现生词词义判断题是理所当然的。这种试题常以科学新发现、新发明、新创造、工艺新流程为题点命制试题，常以What does the underlined word mean？或What is the meaning of the underlined word？或The underlined word means.为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断和猜测。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对该科学新发现、新发明、新创造和工艺新流程是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。

2. 代词指代判断题

科普知识介绍文在对科学新发现、新发明、新创造和工艺新流程进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题。这些试题常以it， they， them等表示物的代词为命题题点。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作的不同执行者和承受者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。

3. 科学方法图示判断题

科普知识介绍文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法，或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读并分析原文对科学发明创造诞生过程的介绍和对工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图帮助自己理解，思考备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，最终作出正确判断。

4. 数字运算判断题

这种试题常要求考生判断某种发明创造使用时所能达到的高度、深度和宽度以及生产某种新产品的数量。解题时应认真阅读并分析原文，寻找相应运算公式或运算规律。

5. 发明创造影响判断题

这种试题常以What is the greatest influence of the new invention？或What is the be st effect of the new invention？或What is the most important result of the new in vention？为设问方式考查对发明创造影响的判断。解题时应寻找原文介绍科学发明创造效果的内容，从众多效果中找出最佳效果。

6. 新产品使用方法判断题

科学的发明创造都应推广使用才能转化为生产力，因此科普知识介绍文阅读理解常出现产品使用方法判断题，这种试题常以What is the correct way to use the new invention？或How can you use the new product？或What should we do to use the new product？为设问方式考查对新产品使用方法的判断。解题时应认真阅读原文介绍的新产品使用方法的注意点，从而得出新产品正确的使用方法。

7. 科普知识介绍内容判断题

一些科普知识介绍文介绍特定领域促进科技进步的不同方法，常出现科普知识介绍内容判断题。试题常以The passage tells us. 或The passage talks about.或The best title for the passage is.为设问方式，其答案常为differ ent ways to… 或how to use different ways to…。

【典型考题】

（一）

When you cut your skin， you bleed[流血]. If a person loses a lot of blood， he will become ill and may die. Blood is very important. People have always known that. At one time， some people even drank blood to make them strong！

When doctors understand how blood goes around inside the body， they try ways of giving blood to people who need it. They take blood from the healthy people and give it to people who need it. This is called “blood transfusion”. The blood goes from the arm of the healthy person into the arm of the sick person.

But there are two problems. First， it does not always work. Sometimes people die when they have blood transfusion. Later， doctors find that we do not all have the same kind of blood. There are four groups—O， A， B and AB. We all have blood of one of these groups. They also find that they can give any kind of blood to people of group AB. But they find that they must give A group blood to A group people and B group blood to B group people. I have O group blood and the doctor told me that I could give blood to anyone else safely.

There is another problem. To give blood of the right kind， doctors have to find a person of the right blood group. Often they can not find a person in time. If they have a way to keep the blood until someone needs it， they can always havet he right kind of blood. At first they find they can keep it in bottles for fifteen to twenty days. They do this by making it very cold. Then they find how to keep it longer. In the end they find a way of keeping blood for a very long time.

We call a place where we keep money a “bank”. We call a place where we keep blood a “blood bank”. One day， when you grow up， you may decide to give blood to a “blood bank”. In this way you may stop someone from dying. Or perhaps one day you may become ill. You may need blood. The “blood bank” will give it to you.

1. From the passage， we learn that sometimes people die when they have blood transfusions because they________________________.

A. are unhealthy people

B. have lost a lot of blood

C. are not given the right kind of blood

D. are AB group people

2. Which of the following is true？

A. Doctors can give any kind of blood to the writer.

B. The writer can give blood to B group people.

C. The writer has never had a blood transfusion.

D. The writer has the same kind of blood as his father_____________________.

3. People set up the “blood bank” so that they can.

A. give the right kind of blood to the people who need it in time

B. keep different groups of blood as much as possible

C. make it easier to sell or buy blood

D. keep blood for more than twenty hundred years

4. From the last paragraph[段落] of the passage， we learn that ________.

A. the writer thinks its good to give blood to a “blood bank”

B. we may become ill if we give blood to a “blood bank”

C. many people died because they lost a lot of blood

D. blood is more important than money

5. The writer doesnt talk aboutin the passage _________.

A. how important blood is to us

B. the four groups of blood

C. where the blood bank is

D. what “blood transfusion” is

（二）

How could we tell time if there were no watches or clocks anywhere in the world？

The sun was probably the worlds first “clock”， except in the far north， where the Eskimos[爱斯基摩人] live. There， its dark most of the winter， and light most of the summer. But in most of the world， people have used the sun for a clock. Even today， if you dont have a clock， you still know that when the sun shines， its day and when its dark， its night. The sun can also tell you if its morning， noon， or afternoon.

People who live near the sea can tell time from the tides. In the daytime， for about six hours， the water rises higher and higher on the beach. And then it goes down and down for about six hours. The same thing happens againat night. There are two high tides and two low tides every 24 hours.

Seamen on a ship learn how to tell time by looking at the moon and the stars. The whole sky is their clock.

In some places in the world the wind comes up at about the same time every day or changes direction or stops blowing. In these places the wind can be the clock.

A sand clock is an even better clock. If you had fine dry sand in a glass shaped like the one in the picture， you would have what is called an hourglass. The sand in the hourglass goes from the top part to the bottom part in exactly one hour. When the hourglass is turned over， the sand will take another hour to go back again.

1. According to the passage， there are____ways to tell time besides the clock and watch. A. 3 B. 4

C. 5 D. 7

2. The Eskimos in the far north cant use the sun for a clock because___________.

A. they know very little about the sun

B. the sun there never goes down in winter

C. its too cold for them to go out to watch the sun

D. it has long dark winters and long light summers

3. The underlined word “tides” in the passage means _________.

A. 洋流 B. 潮汐

C. 海啸 D. 波浪

4. In which page of a newspaper can you most probably read this pas sage？

A. News

B. Science

C. Business

D. Advertisement

5. Whats the best title for the passage？

A. Different Ways to Tell Time

B. Useful Machines to Tell Time

C. The History of the Clock

D. The Development of the Clock

（三）

About ten men in every hundred suffer from colour blindness in some way. Women are luckier. Only about one in two hundred is affected in this matter. So some people say it is safer to be driven by women.

There are different forms of colour blindness. In some cases a man may not be able to see deepred. He may think that red， orange and yellow are all shades[色调] of green. Sometimes a person cannot tell the difference between blue and green. In rare cases an unlucky man may see everything in shades of green—a strange world indeed. Colour blindness in humans is a strange thing to explain. In our eyes there are millions of very small things called “cones”. These help us to see in bright light and to tell differences between colours. There are also millions of “rods”， but these are used for seeing when it is nearly dark. They show us shapes but no colour.

Some insects have favourite colours. Mosquitoes[蚊子] like blue but do not like yellow. A red light will not attract insects， but a blue lamp will. In a similar way humans also have favourite colours. Yet we are lucky. With the aid of the cones in our eyes we can see many beautiful colours by day， and with the aid of the rods we can see shapes at night. One day we may even learn more about the invisible[看不见的] colours around us.

1. With the help of the cones， we can ____________.

A. see in a weak light

B. tell different shapes

C. kill mosquitoes

D. tell orange from yellow

2. Why do some people say it is safer to be driven by women？

A. Women are more careful.

B. There are fewer colour blind women.

C. All of them see everything in shades of green.

D. None of them has trouble in recognizing[识别] colours.

3. This passage is mainly about ___________.

A. colour and its surprising effects

B. danger caused by colour blindness

C. colour blindness

D. the invisible colours around us