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用C-H-N-O炸药的 M、ρ、Δf Hθm、C p、T ig or b和爆轰产物的Δf Hθm估算炸药的爆轰性能

2013-09-18胡荣祖赵凤起高红旭姚二岗

火炸药学报 2013年2期
关键词:内能摩尔炸药

胡荣祖,赵凤起,高红旭,姚二岗

(西安近代化学研究所燃烧与爆炸技术重点实验室,陕西 西安 710065)

引 言

内能ΔfEθ、爆热Qd、爆轰反应能ΔfUθ、多方指数k、点火焓Hig、爆速D、爆压P及爆轰产物的粒子速度up,d是评价炸药能量和毁伤作用的重要参数。本 工 作 报 道 借 助 C-H-N-O 炸 药 的 分 子 式(CaHbNcOd)、分子质量M、密度ρ、标准摩尔生成焓ΔHθm、比热容Cp、自动点火温度Tig、热爆炸临界温度Tb、爆轰分解反应方程式,计算每克炸药爆轰产生的气体产物摩尔数N、每摩尔炸药爆轰产生气体产物的平均质量Mg、每克炸药爆轰反应的反应热(Qd=-ΔdHθm)的表达式,计算爆速和爆压的Kamlet-Jacobs公式,计算标准摩尔生成能ΔfEθ、点火焓Hig、爆轰反应能ΔfUθ、多方指数k、爆轰产物的粒子速度up,d的表达式,得到了16种C-H-N-O炸药Qd、ΔfEθ、Hig、ΔdUθm、D、P、k和up,d值的估算结果。

1 相关理论

对单质有机炸药CaHbNcOd,有:

式中:M 为炸药的分子质量,g/mol;N为每克炸药爆轰产生的气体产物摩尔数,mol/g;Mg为每摩尔炸药爆轰产生气体产物的平均质量,g/mol;Qd为每克炸药爆轰反应的反应热,kJ/g;ΔdHθm为每克炸药爆轰反应的反应焓,kJ/g;ΔfHθm为炸药的标准摩尔生成焓,kJ/mol。

将 N、M、Qd、密度ρ 值代入 Kamlet-Jacobs公式[1]:

得到炸药的D和P值。

由爆轰产物的粒子速度(up,d,mm/μs)计算式:

将k和D 代入式(16),得到up,d值。

由炸药的标准生成内能(ΔfEθ,kJ/g)估算式[2]:

点火焓(Hi,J·g-1)计算式[3]:

爆轰反应能(ΔfUθ,kJ·g-1)计算式:

铝热剂爆轰产物的粒子速度(up,d,mm/μs)计算式[3]:

式中:Cp为炸药的比热容,J·g-1·K-1;Tigorb为炸药的热爆炸温度(或热点火温度),K;nH、nO、nN分别为C-H-O-N炸药中H、O、N的原子数;Troom=298.15K;Δn=ng(产物)-ng(反应物);R 为通用气体常数,8.314J·mol-1·K-1。

up,cord的单位换算为:

将 ΔfHθm、nH、nO、nN、M、cp、Tigorb、Troom值代入计算式(16)~(20),可得到 ΔfEθ、ΔdUθm、k、Hig、up,d值。

2 应用实例

依据 C-H-N-O 炸 药 (CaHbNcOd)的 M、ρ、ΔfHθm、ΔdHθm、Cp、Tigorb和爆轰产物的 ΔfHθm值,可得表1中所列16种单质有机炸药的内能ΔfEθ、爆轰反应能ΔdUθm、多方指数k、点火焓Hig、爆速D、爆压P及爆轰产物的粒子速度up,d值。据此可知:

(1)用Kamlet-Jacobs经验式估算D 值,须用炸药的标准摩尔生成焓,而非炸药的生成热。

(2)up,d≈D/4.

(3)对3Pt-Hf体系,ΔfHθm=0,nH=nO=nN=0,有

表1 用C-H-N-O炸药(Ca H b Nc Od)的 M、ρ、Δf Hθm、Δd Hθm、C p、T ig or b和爆轰产物的 Δf Hθm 估算炸药的Δf Eθ、k、Δd Uθm、D、P 及u p,dTable 1 Estimation ofΔf Eθ,Δf Uθ、k,H ig,,deter,D,P and u p,d using M、ρ、Δf Hθm、Δd Hθm、C p、T ig or b of C-H-O-N explosives(Ca H b Nc Od)andΔf Hθm of detonation products

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致谢:感谢田清政教授对本工作的有益讨论。

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