原发性硬化性胆管炎诊断及治疗新进展
2013-04-06刘红虹罗生强福军亮杜宁宫嫚王福生
刘红虹 罗生强 福军亮 杜宁 宫嫚 王福生
一、概述
原发性硬化性胆管炎(Primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)是一种慢性胆汁淤积性肝病,以胆管的进行性炎症、纤维化和多发性狭窄为主要病理特征。PSC的发病机制尚未阐明,可能与自身免疫功能紊乱、基因易感性以及胆管上皮细胞功能紊乱有关。多见于男性患者,比较典型的症状有乏力、皮肤瘙痒、右上腹不适和体重下降,约有50%患者可出现黄疸和肝、脾肿大,约45%PSC患者并无症状,仅在体检时因发现血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)升高而就诊。PSC患者病情个体差异大,药物治疗的效果不明显,大多数病人最终发展为肝硬化、门静脉高压和肝功能失代偿[1]。
二、PSC的流行病学研究
PSC的流行病学研究报道主要来自西方国家。调查显示,北欧PSC的发病率为10/100000[1~3],欧洲南部和亚洲的患病人数为北欧的1/10100[4,5]。我国尚无PSC发病率的确切报道。PSC患者平均年龄在30~40岁之间,相对于其他自身免疫性疾病,大约2/3的PSC患者为男性。PSC的一个重要临床特征为合并其他多种疾病,最主要合并炎性肠病(IBD),据报道大约62%~83%北欧PSC患者同时存在炎症性肠病[2],印度和欧洲南部约50%[4,6,7],新加坡和日本偏低,约为20%~37%[5,8,9]。其中约80-90%炎性肠病为诊断明确的溃疡性结肠炎,其余为Crohn病或不典型炎性肠病[10]。PSC患者合并其他自身免疫性疾病的报道也逐渐增加,大约6%~9%PSC患者合并自身免疫性肝炎[11~13],约3.3%~36.4%PSC患者发展为胆管癌[6,8,14~16],胆管癌的发病与地域有关,研究表明欧洲南部和亚洲地区不仅胆管癌的发病率较低,结肠癌和胆囊癌的发病率也较肝移植地区低[17,18]。
三、PSC的症状、体征、实验室检查及辅助检查
(一)症状和体征 临床表现不尽相同,典型的症状包括右上腹不适,疲乏,瘙痒和体重减轻。曾行胆道手术或ERC检查患者容易诱发胆囊炎。部分患者无症状及阳性体征,常规化验肝功能时发现本病。大约60%~80%患者伴有IBD,多为溃疡性结肠炎(UC)[19~26]。几乎半数患者体检发现有黄疸和肝脾肿大。
(二)实验室检查 1.血清生化学:碱性磷酸酶升高最常见,正常的碱性磷酸酶水平并不能完全除外PSC,大部分患者血清转氨酶水平升高正常上限的2~3倍,但可能碱性磷酸酶正常。血清胆红素水平多在正常水平,大约60%患者IgG水平升高至正常的1.5倍;2.自身抗体检测:PSC患者血清中可检测到多种自身抗体,包括抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody,ANCA)、抗平滑肌抗体、抗核抗体、抗内皮细胞抗体、抗双磷脂酰甘油抗体等。需要注意的是,上述自身抗体对PSC并无诊断价值,但ANCA阳性通常提示患者伴发有结肠病变[27]。
(三)辅助检查 1.B超:部分PSC患者腹部B超无异常表现,41%患者腹部B超可见胆囊异常,包括胆管壁增厚,胆囊扩大,胆囊结石,胆囊炎;2.ERC和MRC:传统上,ERC被认为是PSC诊断的金标准[28,29]。然而,ERC是一种侵袭性操作,容易引起严重的并发症,如胰腺炎和细菌性胆囊炎,对诊断大胆管性PSC有意义。而MRC为非侵袭性检查手段,已经成为确诊PSC的常规检查。MRC诊断PSC的敏感性≥80%,特异性≥87%[30,31]。大胆管PSC的诊断需要对肝内外胆管系统进行评估,典型的胆管表现为多灶性、短小环状狭窄与正常或轻度扩张的胆管相交替,从而形成“串珠状”改变。
四、PSC的诊断与鉴别诊断
(一)诊断 PSC的诊断缺乏特异性试验,目前诊断PSC多采用Myens标准[19],主要依赖典型的淤胆表现和胆管造影,包括核磁共振胆管造影(MRC)或内镜逆行胆管造影(ERC)、经皮肝穿刺胆管造影等,显示具有典型的多灶性胆管狭窄和节段性的扩张为特征的胆管改变,并除外继发性硬化性胆管炎。病理组织学上将PSC分为4期。I期:即门脉期(portal stage),炎症改变仅仅局限在肝门区,包括淋巴细胞浸润,有时为嗜中性粒细胞向胆管浸润,胆管上皮变性、疤痕等,可以有不同侧重的表现。典型的胆管周围炎的表现是出现洋葱样向心性纤维组织增多。可以发现胆管上皮的血管化和胆管增生;II期:即门脉周围期(periportal stage),病变发展到肝门周围实质的炎症性改变,出现肝细胞坏死、胆管稀疏和门脉周围纤维化;III期:即纤维隔形成期(septal stage),纤维化及纤维隔形成及(或)桥接状坏死。肝实质还表现为胆汁性或纤维化所致的碎屑样坏死,伴有铜沉积。胆管严重受损或消失;IV期:即肝硬化期(cirrhotic stage):出现胆汁性肝硬化的所有现象[20,21]。
小胆管PSC:约5%~10%PSC患者表现为孤立的小胆管病变。小胆管PSC具有典型的PSC生化与组织学改变,但胆管造影正常,其预后较好,但仍是一个进展性疾病,发展为大胆管PSC的比例仍未可知[21];IgG4阳性硬化性胆管炎:代表一个独立的疾病,血清IgG4>135mg/dl。
(二)鉴别诊断 主要与继发性硬化性胆管炎(Secondary sclerosing cholangitis,SSC)相鉴别。SSC是一组临床特征与PSC相似、但病因明确的疾病。常见病因包括胆总管结石、胆道手术损伤、肝外胆管肿瘤、肝移植相关缺血性胆管炎、肝动脉插管化疗[主要是5-氟尿嘧啶(FU)]、反复发作的胰腺炎、腹部外伤等,罕见原因有自身免疫性胰腺炎、肝脏炎性假瘤、嗜酸性细胞胆管炎、肥大细胞胆管病、门静脉高压相关胆管病变、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)相关胆管病变、反复发作的化脓性胆管炎、囊性纤维化等[23,24]。其ERCP造影表现为胆管呈“串珠样”或“枯枝样”改变。SSC的临床表现和胆管造影表现与PSC相似,特别是PSC患者既往有胆管手术或同时患有胆道结石或胆管细胞癌时,两者的鉴别诊断有难度。因此,仔细的询问病史资料和病程中是否伴发炎症性肠道疾病对于两者的鉴别尤其重要[24]。
五、PSC重叠综合征
PSC重叠综合征指PSC和其他免疫介导的肝脏疾病包括自身免疫性肝炎或自身免疫性胰腺炎同时发生。包括:
(一)PSC-AIH重叠综合征 多发病于儿童及年轻人[32~40],临床表现、生化及组织学表现同自身免疫性肝炎,胆管造影显示胆管改变与PSC相同。
(二)自身免疫性胰腺炎-硬化性胆管炎(Autoimmune Pancreatitis and PSC,AIP-SC)AIP-SC是一种以胰管狭窄,而胰腺局灶性或广泛性的扩张,血清IgG4升高,淋巴浆细胞浸润为特征的疾病,糖皮质激素治疗有效[41]。因为并不是全部患者均出现胰腺异常,故本病称为IgG4相关性胆管炎更合理。最近一研究发现在127个确诊为PSC的患者中9%血清IgG4升高,而且与血清IgG4正常的患者比较,血清碱性磷酸酶和胆红素水平明显升高[42]。
六、治疗
对于PSC的治疗,过去多采用大剂量UDCA,但最近一项长达5年的多中心研究应用大剂量(28~30mg.kg-1.d-1)UDCA治疗150例PSC患者,由于治疗相关性死亡及严重的不良事件被终止[43]。因此,在2010年AASLD指南建议:对于成年PSC患者,不主张采用UDCA治疗;对于PSC重叠综合征的患者,建议糖皮质激素联合其他免疫抑制剂治疗。对于终末期患者,肝移植是唯一有效的治疗方法。对于胆道狭窄的患者,建议以内镜扩张为初始治疗,可同时放置或不放置支架。如果经内镜治疗不成功,应该考虑经皮胆管造影扩张胆道,可同时放置或不放置支架。内镜或经皮治疗效果不佳的显著狭窄患者,如果无肝硬化,建议行手术治疗。
七、展望
由于PSC的病因及发病机制方面的研究目前尚不完全清楚,有关PSC的一些重要问题仍有待于进一步研究。我们相信,随着PSC发病机制的逐渐阐明,未来将会有更多新的治疗手段应用于临床。
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