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线粒体DNA含量变化在肿瘤诊断中的意义

2013-03-05刘金良

基础医学与临床 2013年2期
关键词:线粒体标志物癌症

刘 晟,冯 颖,刘金良

(1.白银市平川区人民医院病理科,甘肃白银730913;2.兰州大学第一医院病理科,甘肃兰州 730000)

线粒体存在于真核细胞中,其在能量代谢、自由基产生、钙稳态和细胞凋亡等多种细胞基本功能中起关键作用。线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DAN,mtDNA)含量受到细胞生理条件的精确调控,如缺氧、激素刺激等不同的内部和外部微环境[1]。MtDNA复制与核DNA复制不同步,所以在每个细胞周期,mtDNA可以不止一次地独立复制。但mtDNA缺乏组蛋白保护,容易受到氧化或其他损伤,因而mtDNA的突变率比核DNA的高10~200倍。

近年来科研人员对癌症发病过程中mtDNA含量变化的意义做了深入研究。除了点突变、大片段缺失和位于mtDNA编码区与调控区之间的插入,mtDNA含量变化在各种实体肿瘤以及循环系统肿瘤中发现。本文综述了常见的原发性人类肿瘤mtDNA含量的变化情况,并评价了mtDNA含量变化作为一种新型预测和诊断肿瘤的生物标志物的临床应用意义。

1 mtDNA含量变化与癌症的相关性

研究人员利用实时定量PCR技术揭示了多种常见人类癌症患者的mtDNA含量变化异常(表1)。MtDNA含量变化具有肿瘤特异性。

一项31例肝癌患者的研究表明,mtDNA含量与肿瘤大小和肝硬化有显著相关性。MtDNA含量较低的患者比mtDNA含量较高的患者术后5年生存率偏低[2]。MtDNA含量相对下降值与非小细胞肺癌的肿瘤发展也密切相关[3]。同时,mtDNA含量的下降可能与EWS肿瘤的转移性有关[4]。大肠癌患者的mtDNA含量随TNM分期的增高和分化状态降低明显下降[5]。此外,mtDNA含量低的大肠癌患者比mtDNA含量正常的患者手术后5年无病生存率低[6]。食管癌mtDNA含量与肿瘤侵袭性相关,从非癌变组织到食管癌癌灶再到淋巴结转移组织的mtDNA含量呈增加趋势[7]。乳腺癌mtDNA含量较高的患者比mtDNA含量较低的患者术后无病生存率低[8]。急性淋巴细胞白血病和非霍奇金淋巴瘤的儿童患者中的mtDNA含量增加与长期患病以及疾病的反复发作有关[9]。这说明,mtDNA含量与癌症发展密切相关。

表1 人类恶性肿瘤中mtDNA含量的变化Table 1 MtDNA content alterations in human cancers

2 线粒体DNA含量变化的可能机制

肝癌、侵袭性乳腺癌和EWS中,mtDNA含量下降与DNA重链的复制起点和D-环的D310多聚C区域的体细胞突变有显著的相关性[4]。乳腺肿瘤的发生可能与线粒体D-环突变有关[10]。这些序列参与形成启动mtDNA合成所必需的RNA/DNA杂交序列,D-loop的突变可能会导致mtDNA-蛋白复合物的亲和力的破坏,影响mtDNA转录/复制速率,从而导致肿瘤细胞中的mtDNA含量降低。MtDNA含量下降也可能因为P53介导的信号传导通路失活。P53不仅在响应ROS诱导的mtDNA损伤时抑制肿瘤,它还通过与 mtDNA聚合酶 γ(polymerase γ,POLG)相互作用来维持线粒体的遗传稳定性,而且它还能刺激线粒体的生物合成[32]。超过50%的人类癌症中都发现P53的缺失或者异常。这可能会导致mtDNA对氧化应激的灵敏度增加,从而扰乱线粒体ROS的内平衡,诱导mtDNA含量增加[33]。事实上,mtDNA含量减少伴随P53或POLG突变已经在多种类型的癌症病例中证实。POLG在乳腺癌细胞中异位表达时,mtDNA含量急剧下降[34]。因此,mtDNA含量的减少归因于核DNA和mtDNA突变。在某些癌症中,mtDNA含量的累积可能由于氧化应激的升高,但确切的原因仍然未知。

3 线粒体DNA含量变化与药物敏感性

化疗药物的不良反应是治疗癌症的主要障碍。有研究揭示mtDNA含量的变化能提高癌细胞抵抗多种化疗药物的细胞毒副作用。TRAIL诱导人宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡可能是通过线粒体信号通路进行[35]。用阿霉素,甲萘醌和百草枯处理缺失mtDNA的SK-Hep1肝癌细胞使细胞凋亡显著减少[36]。线粒体功能障碍引起Ca2+流动和ROS过剩,可以通过自分泌或旁分泌环路合成的AR蛋白刺激HepG2肝癌细胞,从而使癌细胞具有顺铂耐受性[37]。喉癌Hep2细胞中mtDNA含量的提高能抵抗多西紫杉醇诱导的细胞凋亡[38]。与此发现一致,mtDNA含量较低的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞对阿霉素敏感[39]。缺失mtDNA的乳腺癌T47D细胞和结肠癌HCT-8细胞表现出对药物敏感性下降[40]。总的来说,上述结果支持mtDNA含量变化至少在一部分肿瘤细胞的药物抗性上发挥了积极作用。

4 线粒体DNA含量作为一种新型肿瘤标志物

在早期肿瘤检测方面,检测mtDNA含量变化比检测nDNA的方法有很多优点。线粒体基因组长度短,基因组成简单,mtDNA的丰度比nDNA的高,因而筛查mtDNA全基因组比nDNA更容易和更经济。突变的mtDNA很容易从不同恶性肿瘤早期患者采集的体液(如外周血全血、冲洗唾液、痰、尿和乳头抽吸液)中检出,这极大提高了肿瘤相关基因的诊断效率。

一项对203例前列腺癌患者的研究证明前列腺癌的发病风险和mtDNA含量有相关性[41]。外周血白细胞的mtDNA含量与非霍奇金淋巴瘤发病风险显著相关,并且mtDNA含量最适合判断慢性/小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤的亚型[42]。同样,mtDNA含量和未来发生肺癌风险之间存在正相关[43-44]。与以上结果一致,在乳腺癌[34]和结直肠癌[11]病例中,外周血中mtDNA含量增加与癌症的风险呈正相关,并且具有显著的量的关系。此外,乳腺癌Ⅰ期患者比Ⅱ-Ⅳ期患者的血液样本中mtDNA含量低,说明癌细胞在肿瘤发展的早期阶段可能在循环系统中大量消耗mtDNA,在后期mtDNA含量增加能够弥补呼吸功能缺陷[45]。人们已经逐渐接受循环系统游离mtDNA作为一种新的强有力的多种实体肿瘤诊断和预后的生物标志物。恶性和良性乳腺肿瘤患者血浆游离mtDNA的数量显著低于健康对照[46]。在受试者工作特征曲线分析的基础上,研究人员用循环血游离mtDNA指纹能够从健康人群中区分乳腺癌患者。泌尿系统恶性肿瘤患者(膀胱癌,前列腺癌,肾癌和睾丸生殖细胞癌)的血液游离mtDNA含量显著增加,而且游离mtDNA能灵敏的、特异的区分患者和健康志愿者[47-48]。癌症患者的血液游离mtDNA含量改变的主要原因虽然还不清楚,但是它作为一个肿瘤生物标志物的意义是显而易见的。目前还没有癌症早期诊断的可靠方法,基于mtDNA生物标志物的检测可有效地弥补现有的早期检测空白,以提高癌症诊断的灵敏性和特异性,并为临床医生调整或优化癌症治疗方案具有重要意义。

5 小结

MtDNA含量变化参与肿瘤发生已成为当前癌症研究的重要领域。现有证据表明mtDNA含量的变化可通过多种机制在肿瘤发生的各个阶段对肿瘤的发病和发展起作用(图1)。监测mtDNA含量变化在高危人群筛查癌前病变、追踪癌症的发展和预测疾病复发或癌症预后方面有重要的临床意义。当然,未来的研究需要进一步揭示引起癌症发病和发展过程中mtDNA含量改变的机制。

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