白藜芦醇抗肝癌作用研究
2013-02-01林春蕾郭传勇
林春蕾 郭传勇
同济大学附属第十人民医院消化科,上海 200072
原发性肝癌或肝细胞癌是目前世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,死亡率高,预后较差。其发生发展是一系列多基因参与、多步骤协同的复杂过程,目前已在DNA、miRNA、信号通路、蛋白等多个层面研究其防治措施。肝癌的发生机制目前尚未完全阐明,公认的机制主要有:癌变由肝脏干细胞异常分化引起;癌变由成熟肝细胞去分化而致。其中涉及到癌基因的激活,抑癌基因的抑制及多种信号通路、蛋白的激活与抑制等。
白藜芦醇(3,5,4′-trihy-droxy-trails-stilbene)是一种自然产生的含有芪类结构非黄酮类多酚化合物,主要在红葡萄酒、花生中发现[1]。在过去的研究中发现Res 具有抗氧化[2]、抗炎[3]、抗衰老[4]、抗病毒[5]、降血糖[6]、止痛、平喘[7]等作用。有报道表明,Res对于青光眼[8]、胰腺炎[9]、骨关节炎[10]等疾病具有保护作用。它可以防止和治疗心血管疾病[11],对癌症亦有防治作用,例如肝癌[12]。以下就近年来Res对肝脏肿瘤的防治的相关研究做一综述。
1 体外研究
Res 已被证明能抑制人的多种肝癌细胞,例如HepG2[13-14]、Hep3B[13]、H22[15]、大鼠肝癌细胞 FAO[16]、H4IIE[17]、大鼠腹水肝癌细胞AH109A[18]等。Res 抑制肝癌细胞生长的机制与诱导细胞凋亡和阻滞细胞周期有关。Sun等[15]证实Res对H22的生长抑制作用是由于细胞凋亡,也可以通过激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶从而诱导H4IIE 细胞凋亡[17]。Kuo等[13]研究表明,T-Res 在浓度为 40~80 μmol/L时可以抑制p53 阳性的HepG2 细胞的生长,但对于p53 阴性的Hep3B的生长无明显影响,这表明RES 诱导细胞凋亡是依赖于p53 信号通路。此实验同时发现细胞被阻滞于G1期时,凋亡相关蛋白P21的表达明显增加。Notas等[19]则认为T-Res 在0.1 μmol/L时可以通过对细胞周期G1和G2/M的阻滞而诱导HepG2细胞凋亡。在相似的实验研究中,认为Res通过其抗氧化作用,抑制肝癌细胞增殖。T-Res 在纳摩尔浓度和匹摩尔浓度时,通过调节NO/NOS 系统,增加iNOS 和eNOS的表达,激活NOS,增加NO的表达,抑制NOS 酶从而起抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用。在Res 诱导肝癌细胞凋亡中的另一个重要的角色是微囊蛋白-1(CAV-1)。CAV-1是微囊家族的成员,在大多数人类肿瘤细胞中不表达或表达减少。CAV-1过表达的转化细胞的生长收到抑制[20]。Yang等[21]研究发现CAV-1 可以通过其胆固醇相关系统提高HepG2对Res的吸收,增加其抗增殖和促凋亡的作用。经100 μmol/L Res 预处理的HepG2 细胞中CAV-1的表达增加,而CAV-1 可以负反馈提高Res的吸收,通过p38 丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路和caspase-3表达从而诱导细胞凋亡。经100 μmol/L Res 处理后的细胞与未处理组相比,72 h后其凋亡明显增加。此外,有报道表明,Res 在高浓度(100~200 μmol/L)时可以减少S 期的HepG2 细胞,但在低浓度(10~50 μmol/L)时可以增加S 期的HepG2 细胞[22]。徐凌等[23]研究发现Res能以剂量依赖方式拮抗肝细胞癌HepG2 细胞的增殖,进一步的研究提示Res 能显著下调miR-151 和FAK mRNA表达,而miR-151 能促进肝癌细胞的周期转换,使肝癌细胞周期进程明显加快。Parekh等[24]研究发现,Res 可以通过减少细胞周期蛋白D1,调控P38MAPK、Akt 和Pak1的表达、活化等抑制HepG2 细胞的生长。De L édinghen等[25]认为Res 抑制肝癌细胞HepG2 增殖的作用机制涉及到受体后机制,与其细胞毒性或促凋亡作用无关。
此外,白藜芦醇的化学防癌活动可能涉及到细胞色素P450(CYP450)酶的抑制[26]。CYP450 在化学致癌的激活中发挥着重要作用。例如,在100 μmol/L时Res 可以通过与芳香烃受体结合,从而抑制小鼠肝癌HEPA 1c1c7 细胞中特丁基对苯二酚诱导的CYP1A1的活性。在细胞培养中发现Res对肝癌细胞株的侵袭性起抑制作用。Kozuki等[18]发现在低浓度时Res 能抑制大鼠腹水肝癌细胞AH109A的侵袭入侵,但在高浓度(25~200 μmol/L)时起抑制增殖作用。这一机制与其抗氧化作用有关,与其抗增殖作用相关性不大。Res的防癌的另一机制与其抗血管生成作用有关。例如,Zhang等[27]研究证实Res 在缺氧条件下可以抑制血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达,通过缺氧诱导因子-1A来抑制HepG2 细胞的生长。
2 体内研究
目前许多研究表明Res 在动物模型中起预防肿瘤的作用。Khanduja等[28]发现经2.5 mg/kg Res 处理2周后给予二乙亚硝胺诱导的小鼠模型,其肝脏中的鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)及环氧合酶较未经Res 处理的小鼠模型明显减少。ODC是多胺生物合成途径中的限速酶,与细胞增殖和癌变密切相关[29]。而环氧合酶主要与炎症反应中前列腺素的形成、肿瘤的发生发展、血管生成等有关[30]。Bishayee等[31]研究表明,按50~300 mg/kg的剂量连续口服白藜芦醇20周后,与未处理组相比,二乙基亚硝胺及苯巴比妥诱导的大鼠的肝细胞结节的发生、数量及种类等明显减少。Res通过上调促凋亡蛋白Bax 和下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2 起抗癌作用。Res的化学防癌作用也涉及降低氧化应激,抑制炎症反应介导的核因子E2相关因子(Nrf2)[32]、热休克蛋白(HSP70)、COX-2 和 NF-κB[33]等。但有实验表明,Res 处理后并不能阻止多氯联苯(PCBs)诱导的大鼠肝脏肿瘤[34]。如上所述,体外实验研究表明Res是CYP450 酶抑制剂。Canistro等[35]研究Res 经腹腔注射(50 mg/kg 连续7d)对小鼠肝外源性代谢酶的影响发现Res 可以抑制CYP450 酶,但对于肝脏解毒的代谢酶,起相反作用,诱导UDP-葡萄糖醛酸活性增强,同时减弱谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性。有学者对二乙亚硝胺诱导动物肝癌实验研究发现,Res 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的途径之一可能是上调Nrf2 核转录因子介导的蛋白及mRNA的表达。部分文献表明,Res 除了化学防癌作用外尚可作为化疗药物运用。Delmas等[36]用Res 作用肝癌小鼠模型,发现其通过诱导细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclin dependent kinase,CDK)抑制蛋白的产生,降低 CDK蛋白表达和活性,使肝癌细胞阻滞于S 期和G2/M 期,从而抑制肝癌细胞增殖,并且这种抑制作用存在时间和剂量的依赖性,白藜芦醇短期作用结果显示,能以浓度依赖的方式阻碍肿瘤细胞DNA 合成及随后的增殖;而当时间延长至24 h,白藜芦醇则对细胞周期作用方式略显不同,在低浓度(20 μmol/L)范围内减慢细胞周期进程循环速度,在高浓度(40~80 μmol/L)下则导致细胞周期某特定时相的阻滞。经白藜芦醇处理过的细胞除了在相应细胞周期时相受影响外,同时还伴有细胞核增大,核粒度增多。
3 总结与展望
研究证实,Res 可以通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、阻滞细胞周期、介导体液免疫应答、调节细胞因子分泌、拮抗肿瘤血管生成影响肿瘤的发生过程。但目前缺乏有效的临床或流行病学研究证实Res对肝癌的化学预防作用。虽然目前有两个临床试验表明连续29 d 给予2.5 g/d T-Res后,检测血浆中胰岛素样生长因子1 和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3水平,与未给药组相比明显降低,表明了其潜在的癌症预防作用[37]。0.5 g/d 和1.0 g/d的T-Res 连续给药29 d后结肠癌组织中的细胞增殖明显受抑[38]。目前HCC的发生发展机制尚未明确,但作为植物抗毒素Res 可以通过多方面作用对部分HCC 起到一定的防治作用,定能在将来的肝癌治疗中占一席之地。
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