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看看must与have to怎么用

2012-12-29柳燕春

初中生之友·中旬刊 2012年10期

  请先看几道今年的中考题:
  1. —Must we finish our homework now?
  —No,you _______. (2012年湖南省湘潭市)
  A. needn’tB. mustn’tC. can’t
  2. In Britain,you ______ be 18 if you want to drive a car. (2012年辽宁省大连市)
  A. canB. mustC. mayD. might
  3. —What do you want to eat for lunch?I will prepare earlier today.
  —Honey,you ____________. Let’s go out to have something different. (2012年浙江省宁波市)
  A. mustn’tB. can’t
  C. shouldn’t D. don’t have to
  4. —Mom, _________ I hang out with my friends now?
  —Sure,but you ________ clean up your bedroom first. (2012年山东省青岛市)
  A. can; need B. may; have to
  C. must; needD. need; must
  分析:上面的四道中考题均是在考查同学们对must与have to用法的掌握情况,答案分别为:1. A;2. B;3. D;4. B。
  英语中,must与have to都有“必须”的意思,两者都是情态动词,后面都接动词原形,但在实际运用中两者却不相同。
  一、must意为“必须、应当”,强调说话人的主观看法;have to意为“必须、不得不”,着重表示客观需要。例如:
  We must study hard for the people. 我们必须为人民而努力学习。
  He must go home now. 他现在必须回家了。
  Grandma is ill,he has to stay at home and look after her. 奶奶病了,他必须呆在家里照顾她。
  I am very busy now, because I have to study for the math test tomorrow. 我现在很忙,我得为明天的数学考试作准备。
  二、 must只有现在形式,若要表示过去和将来时,通常要用had to 和will have to。例如:
  We had to borrow five hundred yuan from him last week. 我们上周不得不向他借了五百元钱。
  He said he had to see me about something important. 他说他有重要的事情不得不见我。
  You will have to do that again. 你得重新做那件事。
  三、must和have to 用于否定句时含义大不相同:must作“必须”讲时,其否定形式是needn’t,而不是mustn’t。needn’t意为“不必、用不着”,mustn’t则带有命令色彩,有“绝对不可或不许……”之意;而have to作“必须”讲时,其否定式则要借助助动词。例如:
  —Must I return the book to the library next week?下周我必须把书归还图书馆吗?
  —No, you needn’t. You can keep it a little longer. 不,用不着。你还可以借阅更长一点时间。
  The students mustn’t sleep in class. 课堂上学生不允许睡觉。
  He doesn’t have to be there on time. 他不必按时到那里。
  We didn’t have to clean the classroom yesterday.昨天我们没有必要打扫教室。
  You won’t have to worry about your study. 你们不需要担心你们的学习。
  四、当主观与客观、主动与被动的界限不甚分明或无需侧重时,二者可换用,尤其在同义句型转换中,但 must 比have to 语气强一些。例如:
  I don’t feel well and I must / have to go and see a doctor. 我身体不好,必须去看医生。
  He has to/must write his parents a letter next week.下周他必须给他父母写封信。
  五、must可用来表示“推测”意义,意为“准是”、“一定是”,而have to却没有这种用法。例如:
  His father must be a good teacher. 他父亲一定是个好教师。
  The dictionary must be Emma’s. 这本词典准是埃玛的。
  The man in the car must be your uncle. 小汽车里的那个男人准是你叔叔。
  六、在反意疑问句中,must表示“必须”时,疑问部分用mustn’t;must表示“有必要”时,疑问部分要用needn’t;must表示“一定、想必”等推测意义时,疑问部分要根据具体的情况而定;而have to的反意疑问句则要借助助动词。例如:
  We must wait until he comes, mustn’t we? 我们必须等他回来,是吗?
  He must finish the work before supper, needn’t he?他有必要在晚饭前完成这项工作,是不是?
  They must be good children, aren’t they? 他们一定是好孩子,对吗?(对现在情况的推测,疑问部分的谓语动词用be的现在式。)
  You must have waited here for a long time, haven’t you?你一定在这儿等了很久,对吗?(对过去发生的动作持续到现在的情况的推测,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven’t。)
  He must have read the book last night, didn’t he? 他昨晚一定看过这本书了,是不是?(对过去情况的推测,疑问部分的谓语动词用did。)
  The students have to hand in their compositions today, don’t they?学生们必须今天交作文,是吗?
  He had to go there yesterday, didn’t he?他昨天不得不去那里,是不是?
  You won’t have to worry about your bird, will you? 你不必担心你的鸟,好不好?
  【学以致用】请选择正确的答案。
  1. —Can you go swimming with us this afternoon?
  —Sorry,I can’t. I ______ take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.
  A. canB. may C. wouldD. have to
  2. —Do we have to finish our homework this afternoon?
  —Yes, you ________.
  A. mustB. can
  C. mayD. need
  3. The desk is not dirty. You _______ clean it.
  A. mustn’tB. shouldn’tC. needn’tD. can’t
  4. It’s the library! So you ________ know shouting is not allowed here.
  A. canB. mustC. needD. may
  5. —Must I mop up the floor now?
  —No,you ________.
  A. needn’tB. can’t C. shouldn’tD. mustn’t
  6. Teachers think students needn’t do so much homework, but they _______ make students do a lot in the past.
  A. have to B. must C. had to D. Should
  7. You ________ smoke. You are only 14 and it isn’t allowed.
  A. mustn’tB. don’t have to
  C. needn’t D. won’t
  8. —Can I go to the movie, Mum?
  —Certainly, But you ________ be back by ten o’clock.
  A. can B. may C. might D. must
  9. I’m feeling much better now so you ______ call the doctor.
  A. couldn’tB. wouldn’tC. can’tD. needn’t
  10. This is a secret between you and me. You _______ tell it to others.
  A. should B. mustn’tC. canD. m