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CXCR4拮抗剂在肿瘤治疗中的应用

2012-08-15罗竞红郭芝刚

关键词:细胞毒拮抗剂动员

罗竞红,郭芝刚,曾 军

(1.成都大学城乡建设学院,四川成都 610106;2.广州医学院基础学院,广东广州 510182)

CXCR4拮抗剂在肿瘤治疗中的应用

罗竞红1,郭芝刚2,曾 军2

(1.成都大学城乡建设学院,四川成都 610106;2.广州医学院基础学院,广东广州 510182)

G蛋白偶联趋化因子受体CXCR4在癌细胞表面广泛表达,癌细胞易转移部位的基质细胞组成型分泌CXCR4的配体——基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1/CXCL12),表达CXCR4的癌细胞在CXCR4/CXCL12轴的调控下沿CXCL12浓度梯度进行转运和归巢,转移的癌细胞在CXCL12作用下与基质细胞紧密联系而获得药物抗性.CXCR4的拮抗剂,比如AMD3100,T140类似物和本课题组开发的 SDF-1βP2G,能打断癌细胞与基质细胞的相互作用,动员癌细胞离开对其具保护作用的微环境从而进入血液循环系统,使癌细胞对传统药物的敏感性增加.因此,靶向CXCR4/CXCL12轴的CXCR4拮抗剂联合化疗在探索肿瘤患者治疗方面是一个新颖的,富有吸引力的方法.

CXCR4;拮抗剂;肿瘤治疗

0 引 言

相关研究表明,CXCR4在各种肿瘤,比如肺癌、白血病、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌等,细胞中表达.通常,表达CXCR4的肿瘤细胞在CXCR4/CXCL12轴的作用下迁徙,并归巢到表达CXCL12的非恶性间质细胞位点.此提示,肿瘤细胞的转移受肿瘤细胞上表达的趋化因子受体以及在靶器官的配体所调控,肿瘤细胞利用这个机理进入微环境[1-5].因此,使用CXCR4的拮抗剂靶向抑制CXCR4/CXCL12轴治疗肿瘤有如下合理性:阻断癌细胞与黏附基质因相互作用而赋予生存和药物抗性的信号;从组织位点,比如骨髓,动员肿瘤细胞进入血液,使之对传统治疗更敏感;封闭肿瘤转移过程中的肿瘤细胞迁徙和散播.

目前,在医学临床上利用CXCR4调节造血干细胞(HSCs)骨髓归巢的原理基于使用CXCR4的拮抗剂AMD3100动员HSCs进入外周血,利于从外周血收集HSCs用于自体干细胞移植[6].同时,临床实验也证实,AMD3100联合G-CSF较单独使用G-CSF能收集到更多的祖细胞[7].此外,CXCR4的多肽抑制剂TN14003也能单独或者联合G-CSF用于干细胞动员[8].而在实验室中,本课题组开发的CXCR4特异性多肽拮抗剂SDF-1βP2G也能有效动员造血干细胞.

1 CXCR4拮抗剂

最初,科研人员仅将CXCR4拮抗剂作为抗HIV感染的药物进行开发.CXCR4最典型的拮抗剂有T140和它的类似物[9-10],AMD3100[11-12]和 ALX-4C[13].但当时并不清楚其抗HIV感染的机理,直到发现CXCR4 T型HIV-1的共受体功能后,研究人员很快证实不同CXCR4拮抗剂特异性封闭CXCR4的原理[14-15].CXCR4非HIV相关功能研究在经过十多年的发展后,其在HSCs动员,癌症治疗,自身免疫疾病等方面的潜在用途逐渐涌现.

通常,CXCR4拮抗剂可划分为4类:小肽类CXCR4拮抗剂,非肽类 CXCR4拮抗剂,抗体及针对SDF-1进行修饰的激动剂和拮抗剂.

1.1 小肽类CXCR4拮抗剂

最初,研究人员在对天然来源的多肽进行筛选以获得抗HIV活性物质时发现小肽类CXCR4拮抗剂.其中,来源于鲎的自身防御肽,和鲎肽被发现并进行适当的化学修饰后合成抗HIV的肽:T22[10],T134和T140[16].当时研究人员认为这些化合物具有抑制HIV-1 T细胞融合或者病毒去包被的功能[9],然而,直到发现T型HIV-1利用CXCR4作为共受体进入CD4+T细胞时才阐明其抗HIV-1活性的精确机理并进一步证实了T22特异性结合的CXCR4区域是HIV-1病毒进入T细胞以及其配体CXCL12活化所需的关键域[17].在最初的所有合成肽中,T140被认为是最具拮抗活性的CXCR4肽拮抗剂,但由于其C末端的Arg易被切割而缺乏血清稳定性.对此,研究人员通过开发酰胺化的T140类似物来克服血清不稳定性[18],进而合成了TN14003和TC14012.进一步的研究工作也证实了T140的结合区域在细胞外区域,处于CXCR4的疏水核心域,不同于CXCR4的非肽类拮抗剂AMD3100的结合域[19].

此外,大量体内外临床前实验研究证实了T140和它的类似物能有效封闭CXCR4,包括乳腺癌和黑色素瘤,内风湿关节炎和干细胞动员等动物模型.同时,科研人员还探索了这些制剂在急慢性白血病[20-22]、多发骨髓瘤[23]、小细胞肺癌[24]、黑色素瘤[25]、前列腺癌活性等[26].除了集中在疾病方面的研究外,T140及其类似物还被应用于研究探索CXCR4在DC发育[27]和迁徙[28],B细胞归巢,在淋巴组织中的生发中心位置[29]以及HSC归巢等方面的功能[30].研究发现,ALX40-4C是具有9个Arg残基的多肽,通过末端保护和D-氨基酸加以稳定,ALX40-4C是CXCR4的特异性拮抗剂[14],是第一个开展I和I/II期HIV临床实验研究的CXCR4拮抗剂.但由于其合成困难且缺乏有效性,且不能开发成口服制剂而停止开发.

1.2 非肽类CXCR4拮抗剂

科研人员在上世纪90年代早期合成的一系列Biocyclams类化合物中,AMD3100最具抗HIV活性[12,31].AMD3100是一种特异性抑制CXCL12结合到CXCR4的拮抗剂,抑制CXCL12调节的钙内流、趋化和GTP结合,且不会与其他趋化因子受体产生交叉反应[32].AMD3100的抗HIV活性仅限于X4-HIV-1株,在I/II期临床试验中,研究人员发现AMD3100能动员志愿者和HIV感染者的各种造血细胞(包括CD34+HSCs)进入血液循环系统,而出现快速的、暂时的白血球增多.在HIV患者的另一组试验中,一位患者接受高剂量(160 ug/kg/h)的AMD3100治疗后,虽然其病毒载量明显降低,但对HIV感染的治疗效果却不明显.因此,抗 HIV感染不再是AMD3100开发的发展方向,对此,研究人员探索使用AMD3100作为HSCs的动员剂,一系列的临床前和临床试验证实了AMD3100单独和联合G-CSF,都能有效动员HSCs[6,33-34].

目前,AMD070在临床上用于抗HIV,是一种可口服的小分子非肽类CXCR4拮抗剂[35].此外,研究人员发现KRH-163是另外一种可口服的非肽类CXCR4拮抗剂,具有抑制X4-HIV-1感染的功能,能封闭CXCL12刺激的响应,比如钙内流[36].

1.3 CXCR4抗体

研究人员发现,在体外使用CXCR4抗体中和CXCR4与其配体CXCL12间的相互作用能显著抑制HIV感染和肿瘤细胞的迁徙[37-39],并发现在动物模型中抗CXCR4或者CXCL12的抗体显著抑制了非霍其金氏淋巴瘤、乳腺、肺和前列腺癌的转移和进展[40-43].单克隆抗体治疗的独特特征,包括高亲和力和特异性,以及肿瘤细胞不同于正常细胞的靶向抗原表达,使得抗体是癌症免疫治疗的有效制剂.研究人员使用一组CXCR4单克隆抗体,发现在原发性和转化型T,B细胞,以及骨髓细胞间,CXCR4具有巨大的构象异质性[44].CXCR4构象异质性使得CXCR4抗体封闭CXCL12的趋化具有细胞依赖性.另外,在研究CXCR4的表达中使用最普遍的单克隆抗体——12G5,仅能识别分析的原代细胞中的一个亚群的CXCR4分子.因此,目前CXCR4在这些重要细胞类型中的浓度显然被低估.这些响应与CXCR4构象改变的因素仍旧是未知的.然而,CXCR4通过N末端酪氨酸硫酸盐和在18位丝氨酸软骨素硫酸酯酶链进行转录后修饰.这个现象部分上可以解释:CXCR4在构象,抗体的特异性和功能上不同的现象[45].甲基化方式的改变,多糖的新表达的,低表达或者过表达是癌的标志,可能显著地影响不同CXCR4拮抗剂活性的开发.

此外,研究还证实,CTCE-9908和CTCE-0214分别为带有拮抗和促进活性的CXCL12肽类似物,CTCE-9908在2个鼠的模型中体现出降低骨肉瘤细胞生长、粘附和癌细胞扩散的活性.本课题组在实验室以人的SDF-1β基因为模板,将N末端第二位氨基酸残基由脯氨酸突变成甘氨酸,研发出了一种CXCR4的特异性拮抗剂 ,SDF-1βP2G.现已证实 ,SDF-1βP2G能有效拮抗CXCR4、动员干细胞(EPCs)、单核细胞、巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞等从骨髓进入外周血,促进小鼠缺血下肢的血流恢复、血管再生和组织修复,采用SDF-1βP2G联合化疗药物能显著延长SCLC移植瘤小鼠的生存率.

2 CXCR4拮抗剂的应用

2.1 慢性淋巴白血病(CLL)

B-CLL是一个成熟的、抗原经历的B细胞白血病,CLL细胞在血液、骨髓和次级淋巴组织中累积.尽管它们在体内有不同的生存期,但是体外培养分离的CLL细胞通常会经历自发的凋亡[37].CLL细胞表达高水平CXCR4[46-47],CLL细胞能以依赖CXCR4的方式自发地向分泌CXCL12的MSCs迁徙[46].基质细胞、看护样细胞,以及其他来源于单核细胞的基质细胞以接触的方式保护CLL细胞自发及药物诱导凋亡.研究证实,CXCR4拮抗剂能封闭CXCL12诱导的活化、迁徙和CLL细胞信号[20].同时,CXCR4拮抗剂逆转了基质细胞对自发的或者氟达拉滨(fludarabine)诱导的CLL细胞凋亡的保护,表明CXCR4拮抗剂在联合靶向治疗CLL上的潜在应用.CLL高水平表达CXCR4是基质细胞支持其生存所特别要求的,因此,CLL患者将对CXCR4拮抗剂的响应特别敏感.CXCR4拮抗剂可能动员CLL细胞进入血液,在血液中,能增强CLL细胞被单克隆抗体或者细胞毒制剂攻击的敏感性.

2.2 急性骨髓白血病(AML)

尽管AML通常对化疗敏感,但大多患者由MRD所引起复发而使得AML的长期无病生存率仍然很低.骨髓被认为是AML MRD的首要位点,AML细胞通过与骨髓基质黏附作用而免受细胞毒药物的攻击[48-50].研究表明,AML细胞与MSCs的黏附影响其生存和增值[51],MSCs在体内外都能起保护AML细胞免受化疗的作用[52].黏附分子(特别是VLA-4整合素)和趋化因子受体CXCR4是AML细胞黏附到基质细胞所必须的[53],这种细胞黏附调节的药物抗性(Cell Adhesion Mediated Drug Resistance,CAM-DR)能保护AML细胞自发性或药物诱导的凋亡[52,54].CXCR4功能性的表达在AML膜表面[48,55],其响应功能,如趋化[56],通常较淋巴细胞低.CXCR4和VLA4整合素共同调节了AML自发向MSCs迁徙[48],迁徙到基质层的AML细胞增值能力下降.这表明,AML细胞表达的CXCR4趋向于富集非周期性的AML细胞亚群到基质层,那些细胞可能对细胞毒处理不敏感,它们可能代表了作为MRD的休眠白血病祖细胞[57].CXCR4的功能解释了为什么在AML细胞表面表达的CXCR4对AML具有如此深远的负面影响[58-60].目前,在临床上应用Plerixafor动员AML从保护性的骨髓微环境进入血液,在血液中,AML细胞能被传统的细胞毒药物所攻击.

2.3 淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)

前体B急性淋巴细胞性白血病,是最普遍的儿童恶性病,在成人中是第二高发的急性白血病.由于白血病细胞的高流动性特征,导致白血病细胞易渗透到延髓外.特别地,ALL细胞对延髓外ALL复发最常见中心神经系统具有高亲和力,在肝、脾和淋巴结也见ALL发生.这就可假定B-ALL细胞所对应的正常前体B细胞在骨髓成熟期高度依赖于间质微环境[61].研究人员发现,前体B细胞通过自身表达的CXCR4和分泌CXCL12的基质细胞紧密联系,BALL细胞表达功能性的CXCR4受体诱导白血病细胞向CXCL12趋化,自发性地以依赖于CXCR4和VLA4整合素的方式迁徙到分泌CXCL12的基质细胞底部,ALL细胞上的CXCR4受体参与了白血病细胞归巢到NOD/SCID鼠的骨髓,使用CXCR4特异性的受体拮抗剂封闭CXCR4阻断了ALL细胞向CXCL12和MSCs的迁徙,一定程度上干扰了MSCs细胞对ALL细胞的细胞毒制剂的保护[62].

2.4 乳腺癌

CXCR4是首个被发现在乳腺癌细胞上功能性表达的趋化因子受体[63].最初,CXCR4在乳腺癌细胞的主要功能被认为是循环系统中CXCR4阳性的癌细胞靶向的、器官特异的转移到表达CXCL12的靶器官,比如肺、肝、淋巴组织和骨髓[63].研究人员在动物模型中,使用抗CXCR4抗体有效降低了局部和系统的乳腺癌转移[63],并已证实CXCR4/CXCL12轴具有以下功能:乳腺癌细胞CXCR4的活化能促进肿瘤细胞的生长(CXCL12的旁分泌功能);CXCL12通过招募内皮祖细胞进入肿瘤组织而形成肿瘤血管(CXCL12的内分泌)[64],促进肿瘤生长.基质成纤维细胞组成型分泌CXCL12到肿瘤微环境[65],瘤细胞高水平表达CXCR4与乳腺癌患者较差的生存率相关[66].CXCL12对癌细胞的多种促肿瘤作用表明,CXCR4拮抗剂单独或者联合细胞毒药物能够降低那些可存在MRD的患者的复发,增加恶性肿瘤患者对传统药物的响应率.研究人员在乳腺癌动物模型中使用T140[67]和Plerixafor[68]已经显示了预期的结果,证明CXCR4拮抗剂能开展在乳腺癌治疗方面的应用.

2.5 肺癌(SCLC)

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)是一种侵袭性的、快速转移的癌症.患者即使联合放化疗处理,由于很快产生抗药性,其5年生存率仅有5%.CXCR4是表达在原代SCLC细胞和SCLC细胞系的主要趋化因子受体[24].CXCR4的活化诱导了SCLC细胞的迁徙和侵袭响应,以CXCR4和整合素依赖的方式黏附到分泌CXCL12的基质细胞[24].进而,通过在SCLC细胞上的CXCR4信号诱导SCLC细胞上的整合素分子的活化和信号传导[69].整合素调节SCLC细胞粘附到基质细胞和细胞外基质,从而保护SCLC细胞免受化疗诱导的凋亡[69,70].总体上看,CXCR4协调SCLC细胞的整合素,调节肿瘤细胞黏附到基质细胞,反过来贡献于药物抗性和肿瘤生长,CXCR4可能调控了具有骨髓参与高趋向的SCLC患者的不同转移模式.非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的瘤细胞也表达CXCR4,但是水平比SCLC低[24].临床上,肺癌患者对细胞毒化疗的响应非常短暂,特别是SCLC患者.本课题组的相关研究结果已证实:在体外,CXCR4拮抗剂 SDF-1βP2G 能有效拮抗基质细胞对SCLC细胞的化疗保护;在体内,采用SDF-1βP2G联合依托泊苷的策略,能显著延长SCLC移植瘤小鼠的存活时间.因此,使用CXCR4拮抗剂从SCLC保护性的微环境动员癌细胞并联合肺癌患者传统化疗手段是一种非常具有吸引力的方法.

3 CXCR4拮抗剂可能的副作用

持久或者长期对CXCR4/CXCL12轴进行抑制将可能引起患者免疫系统的风险和造血功能障碍的副作用.相关研究发现,在发育和免疫监督过程中,CXCR4调节T、B淋巴细胞转运和归巢到淋巴和胸腺等不同组织微环境[29,71].CXCR4拮抗剂在癌症患者上使用的关注焦点是正常祖细胞的动员,比如,调动HSCs离开它们的微环境而进行血液循化系统.正常条件下,HSCs受骨髓niches的保护,然而在CXCR4拮抗剂联合细胞毒药物给药使HSCs暴露于细胞毒药物,这将导致长期的血细胞减少.最新研究报道,在AMD3100联合化疗药物治疗多发性骨髓瘤的实验研究中发现,使用AMD3100 2 d后,动员的转移性癌细胞和造血干细胞达到最高值,然而在第三天HSCs几乎都归巢到骨髓,癌细胞则继续停留在血液循化系统中.该研究结果提示,如果选择正常干细胞已归巢而癌细胞继续滞留血液循环系统的时间点进行化疗,将有效降低细胞毒药物对HSCs的损害.更特殊的副作用是,在给予两例有心脏病史的患者40、160 mg/kg/h的Plerixafor后引起相关的心脏病并发症[72].但Plerixafor用于干细胞动员的临床试验未见报道相关的副作用.

总之,CXCR4拮抗剂提供了一个全新的,从癌细胞保护性的微环境中动员癌细胞进入血液循化系统的靶向工具.被动员的癌细胞对传统药物更敏感,有助于克服肿瘤患者的MRD和复发.

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Application of CXCR4 Antagonists in Oncotherapy

LUO Jinghong1,G UO Zhigang2,ZENGJun2

(1.School of Industrial Manufacturing,Chengdu University,Chengdu 610106,China;2.School of Basic Medicine,Guangzhou Medical College,Guangzhou 510182,China)

CXCR4,a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor,is expressed heavily in cancer cells.Stromal cells in which cancer cell metastasizes keep releasing a ligand for CXCR4,stromal cell-derived factor-1(SDF-1/CXCL12).Cancer cells expressing CXCR4 transfer and home along a gradient of the CXCL12.CXCL12 facilitates tight adhesion of cancer cells with stromal cells,which leads to drug resistance.CXCR4 antagonists,such as SDF-1βP2G developed by this lab ,Plerixafor(AMD3100)and T140 analogs alike,can disrupt adhesive tumor-stroma interactions and mobilize cancer cells from their protective stromal microenvironment,making them more exposed to conventional anti-cancer drugs.Therefore ,targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axismay be a novel and potential therapeutic approach in current clinical trialsfor tumor patients.

CXCR4 ;antagonist;oncotherapy

R730

A

1004-5422(2012)04-0309-07

2012-05-25.

罗竞红(1977—),女,硕士,讲师,从事生物制药技术研究.

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