仁德清心的新编越剧《德清嫂》

周江鸿

金秋北京，清爽宜人。9月18日晚，新编现代道德伦理越剧《德清嫂》在国家大剧院隆重开演。这出由浙江德清县委宣传部、县文广新局与杭州越剧院联袂精心策划编排，谢群英等3位“国家戏曲梅花奖”得主领衔主演，讴歌时代道德新风、赞美人间真情的现代越剧大戏，为首都舞台送来沁人心脾的江南清风。

《德清嫂》剧情真切感人，唱腔委婉动听，舞台设计华美悦目，不仅赢得了现场观众的热烈掌声，还得到专家及媒体的高度评价。戏剧之美，不仅仅是戏剧本身，也不仅仅只是舞台呈现的戏剧人物造型、台词、唱功及表演技巧，更是戏剧揭示的社会核心价值观，传达的人文信息，以及给予人们的心灵震撼，即所谓的“言外之意”、“弦外之音”。越剧《德清嫂》的成功上演，就是以戏剧形式释放民间道德力量，激活人们心中向善意念，引领整个社会崇德乐善。

道德明镜照亮人心

越剧《德清嫂》改编自一个真实的故事。20年前的一个春天，德清嫂在洪水中救起了别人的孩子而丢失了自己的女儿。她强忍悲痛，收养了父母双亡的天宝、燕子兄妹俩，待若亲生，一家幸福和睦。而长大成人后的天宝，新娶的媳妇娇娇却骄横跋扈自私忘义，未尽儿媳之孝道，还窥觑婆婆德清嫂珍藏的红木箱子，她怀疑箱中藏有值钱宝贝，为此闹出各种事端。当娇娇生命垂危之际，德清嫂毫不犹豫地为儿媳捐肾救命，同时也拯救了其灵魂。纷争落幕之时，竟又峰回路转，德清嫂发现娇娇就是自己失散20年的亲闺女，以德报怨，终究会得到最好的福报。剧情以德清嫂与儿媳的矛盾冲突为主线，围绕一只红木箱巧妙地铺设了“双喜、嫁女、打嫂、分家、逼箱、休妻、救媳、开箱”等8幕戏，演绎了一出荡气回肠的人间真情道德伦理剧。

德清，唐代诗人孟郊故里，孟郊的《游子吟》千古传诵，在讴歌中华民族平凡而伟大的慈母形象同时，也为德清大地书写了一笔大爱与大孝的朴素情怀。舞台上，仁爱善良、忍辱负重的农村慈母德清嫂，其身上不折不扣遗传了孟郊慈母的生命基因。

著名编剧包朝赞介绍说，《德清嫂》的创作灵感就来自于德清当地。舞台上的德清嫂，区别于以往那种政治化、高大全的道德人物，她只是一个柔弱、传统、以善为本、疼儿爱女、甘愿牺牲的可亲可敬的农家慈母。观众在“德清嫂”身上，可以看到当地许多民间道德佳话和模范人物的影子，如勇救21名落水者的钱素春；替夫还债10年、一诺千金的诚信农妇蒋引娣；捐肾救夫的封丽娟等等。“近年来，德清百姓中涌现出一大批道德模范群像，用自己的善行义举书写了爱的真谛。用现实生活中的德清嫂来塑造舞台上的德清嫂，更真实、更生动，更能教育身边人。我们希望宣传人人都可以做到的道德行为。”

剧中捐肾救媳的情节源于德清人封丽娟捐肾救夫的故事，封丽娟在看完全剧后，眼含泪花说：“戏里的人物故事情节都取自德清的民间爱心人士，这些人物经过艺术加工，更加感人了，没有拔高之嫌。”可见，德清—写就孝诗《游子吟》的孟郊的故乡，高尚道德蔚然成风，文明之花开遍城乡。

越剧艺术时代表达

中华民族从来不缺对诚信、善良、助人等美德的追求。尽管当今道德传承有所弱化，但在“人有德行，如水至清”的德清县，在经济快速发展的同时，依然蕴涵着雄厚的民间道德力量—30余个民间设奖的“德清现象”，其内容之丰富，故事之生动，在全国独树一帜，这是最具德清文化特色、百姓自发原创的鲜活题材。以公民道德建设为题材的大型现代越剧《德清嫂》，在“德清公民道德教育馆”内紧锣密鼓地排练。

戏曲是大众艺术、平民艺术，自古以来，广大百姓遵循的道德规范、秉持的是非标准、了解的历史故事、感动的人物形象，几乎都是通过听书看戏获得的。戏曲艺术在给予大众精神锻造与滋养上起着巨大的作用，有着生动的表现形式和广泛的群众基础。越剧则是浙江乃至全国许多观众非常喜爱的剧种。《德清嫂》就直接采用江南群众最喜爱的越剧形式，讴歌新时代的道德模范。在现当代的中国戏剧舞台上，曾出现过祥林嫂、阿庆嫂等观众熟悉的形象，德清嫂也力争树立一个可爱可亲可敬的现代慈母形象。

9月19日上午，国家文化部艺术司如期举行《德清嫂》赴京演出专家研讨会。文化部艺术司司长董伟、艺术处处长吕育忠、中国导演协会会长黄在敏、中国剧协党组书记季国平等领导及资深专家参加研讨会。

董伟先生评价说，《德清嫂》以戏剧的方式表现当代的生活，剧本、表演以及服装、舞美等整体营造了当下中国的时代特点。文艺要继承优秀传统文化，讴歌时代精神，《德清嫂》有“三好”：创作方向好、创作机制好、舞台呈现好。它不仅是艺术品，也是精神文明的好作品，感谢德清为全国人民呈现了一部好戏。

季国平评价：作为文本的《德清嫂》现已悄然隐于幕后，而凸显于观众眼前的是活生生的一个当代慈母形象—德清嫂。德清嫂的形象是地域文明精神传承并延伸的结果，在今天的德清母亲们的血脉中，流淌着孟郊慈母遗传的生命基因。

现代新编越剧《德清嫂》戏剧结构巧妙，包括完整而跌宕的故事情节、突出的人物矛盾冲突以及符合观众传统的审美情理。在戏剧的题材和表达方式上，《德清嫂》又打下了很深的时代烙印。《德清嫂》选择了现实社会中人人都能引起共鸣的家庭矛盾，表现和赞美了人人都可以力所能及的道德善行。在舞台造型上，《德清嫂》将秀丽的山川景色融入到戏剧故事中，并配合悠扬的古筝和原汁原味的越剧唱腔，整体上将德清优美的江南风光与人文意境表现得淋漓尽致。更可喜的是由德清县越剧演员组成的“草根班”，得到了杭州越剧院国家一级导演和演员全面正规的艺术辅导，他们正风尘仆仆在县内外巡演，深入到乡镇、社区、街道等基层一线，给予广大群众一份道德的熏陶和滋养。戏曲搭台，将道德新风送进千家万户。

Sister Deqing： a Morality Yueju Opera Play

By Zhou Jianghong

“Sister Deqing”， a morality play of Yueju Opera staged by Hangzhou Yueju Opera House， is a new drama based on real stories and real people in Deqing. Like morality play in Europe that dates to medieval times， morality play in China started in ancient times. For grassroots people in rural areas in ancient China， theater was a morality classroom where village theatergoers gathered around a makeshift stage， watched a play and learned about morality embodied in characters and their romance or tragedy. These plays tell stories about good and bad， right and wrong， ugly and beautiful， cruelty and kindness， revenge and redeem， loyalty， and devotion， just to name a few qualities highlighted in traditional repertoire of regional operas all over the country. Every regional opera has a repertoire composed of morality plays to varying degrees. Started about 100 years ago in rural eastern Zhejiang， Yueju Opera is now a highly flourishing regional opera in China thanks to a combination of stars， innovation and plays over the past decades. “Sister Deqing” is the latest play added to the large repertoire of morality plays in China.

The play， planned and hosted by Deqing County Government， stars Xie Qunying and two other eminent Yueju Opera stars. The three are winners of Plum Blossom Award， which is Chinas Oscar for theater performance.

The play stands out for a few reasons. First， the morality play is different from most plays from the repertoire that are still staged today. Over the past few decades， Yueju Opera troupes have largely restaged traditional plays， introducing new stage designs， using new stage devices， adding finely choreographed dances and singing. They have rarely created new plays.

Second， “Sister Deqing” is a based on real people and real events in Deqing， a rural county to the north of Hangzhou， the capital seat of Zhejiang Province. Deqing is a place where virtue holds fast. More than 30 grassroots people in Deqing have won the honor of Deqing Phenomenon， a non-government folk award for people of virtue selected by the public. Their stories touch peoples heart.

Playwright Bao Chaozan says that the story is all based on real events and real people. Sister Deqing is by no means a larger-than-life hero that one may find in novels and opera plays created before and during the Cultural Revolution （1966-1976）. The big-hearted woman cares for her family and is willing to sacrifice for her family. In Deqing， a woman named Qian Suchun got 21 people to safety in a dangerous flood； a woman named Jiang Yindi paid back the debt of her late husband over a period of ten years； a woman named Feng Lijuan donated her kidney to save her husband.

Based on these people and their stories， the play tells a modern story： Sister Deqing saves a boy and a girl in a flood but she loses her own daughter. After the flood， she takes in the two orphans and brings them up. Twenty years later， the boy gets married. The selfish daughter-in-law does not love her mother-in-law and covets a redwood trunk owned by the mother-in-law， thinking there is treasure locked up there. The daughter-in-law makes trouble in the family and the relationship becomes messy until the daughter-in-law is afflicted with a kidney disease. Her mother-in-law donates a kidney for organ transplant to save the daughter-in-law. The daughter-in-law lives to find that the mother-in-law is her real mother. They live happily after.

On September 18， 2012， the play made its national debut at the National Grand Theater in Beijing. It was applauded by the audience and acclaimed with critics. On the morning of September 19， 2012， the Ministry of Culture held a seminar on the play. The leaders of the Art Department of the ministry and other experts attended the seminar.

Nowadays， an amateur Yueju Opera troupe in Deqing is on the road staging “Sister Deqing” in Deqing and other counties. The troupe is spreading the story everywhere. This is the Chinese way of giving an entertaining lecture on morality.