中考词汇题解题攻略
2011-12-29钱云月
考试周刊 2011年4期
“根据句子意思,用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空”这一命题形式相信大家都不陌生,这一题型在各地历年的中考卷中都有出现。所不同的是有的城市除此以外,还有一项专门的“用所给动词的适当形式填空”题,如江苏的南京、无锡、常州、镇江等地,而有的城市则将它们糅合在一道大题里,如徐州、南通等地,所占分值在5分到10分之间。关于用“所给动词的适当形式填空”这一题型,我在这里就不多赘言,重点来分析一下“用所给单词的正确形式填空”这一题型。其实对于这种题型,摒弃动词的时态、语态、非谓语形式等干扰后,我们无外乎从以下这三种情况来进行考虑,即所给单词词形的变化、词性的变化及词义的变化。我结合2010年江苏省几大城市的英语中考试题,逐一进行分析。
一、词形的变化
词形的变化包括名词的单复数、所有格;人称代词的主格和宾格形式;形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词;反身代词;形容词或副词的原级、比较级和最高级,基数词和序数词之间的互换等。
1.名词单复数及所有格变化
例1.Could you pass the _____(knife) to me?We need them to make pumpkin lanterns.
(2010,常州)
首先括号中给出了名词knife,接下来在第二句发现了本题的关键词them,由此可见应该用knife的复数形式。答案为knives。
例2.Many _____(butterfly) have round marks in their wings that look like eyes.
(2010,无锡)
本题其实出现了很多提示词,如many,have,their,所以答案为复数butterflies。
例3.Have you read _____(today) newspaper?
(2010,宿迁)
今天的报纸,应该用其所有格形式,答案为today’s。
例4.This pretty card belongs to my father as _____(father) Day is coming.
(2010,淮安)
这张漂亮的卡片属于我的父亲是因为父亲节就要到来了。父亲节的英文表达为Father’s Day,应注意的是除了father用所有格外,首字母f还要大写。
2.代词的变化
例5.The forienger enjoyed _____(he) in Qinhu Lake last week.
(2010,泰州)
enjoy oneself是一个固定搭配,表示玩得高兴,答案为he的反身代词形式himself。
3.形容词或副词的等级变化
例6.There are only 2 days left.We had better talk _____(little) and do more.
(2010,徐州)
本句子中的more已经给出了暗示,要填上little的比较级less。
例7.Of all the students,our monitor spent the _____(little) time but made the most progress.
(2010,淮安)
“在所有的学生中,我们的班长花了最少的时间却获得了最大的进步。”与most相对应可知应该填上little的最高级least。
4.基数词和序数词的互换
例8.Jack is busy preparing for a party to celebrate his sister’s _____(twelve) birthday.He wants to give her a big surprise.
(2010,镇江)
庆祝第十二个生日,那当然应该用序数词twelfth。
二、词性的变化
通过构词法,在所给单词的后面加上不同的后缀,改变其词性,从而派生出与之相关的新词。在这里答题者首先得先理解句子意思,再从语法角度细致分析,最后加上适当的后缀。如空格处需要填名词,则考虑是否加如-ist,-ese,-tion,-ment,-er,-or,-ness等名词性后缀;如是形容词,则考虑是以-y,-ish,-ous,-ful结尾,还是-ed,-ing结尾;如是副词,通常比较常见的-ly,等等。
1.v.—adj.
例9.Playing too much computer games is _____(harm) to you.
(2010,宿迁)
“玩太多的电脑游戏对你是有害的。”be动词后跟形容词构成系表结构。在harm的后面加上形容词后缀-ful。答案为harmful。
例10.Our planet,Earth,is becoming more and more crowde09cbc0f6a4686291fc371a6adabd3bc6d and _____(pollute)。
(2010,扬州)
“我们的地球正变得越来越拥挤和污染。”动词pollute的形容词形式为polluted。
2.adj.—adv.
例11.We should speak to the old man _____(polite).
(2010,宿迁)
“我们必须有礼貌地对老人说话。”副词修饰动词短语speak to,因而答案为politely。
例12.This year it has rained so _____(heavy) in South China that lots of problems are caused.
(2010,镇江)
“今年华南地区下雨严重导致了很多的问题。”修饰动词rain,用副词heavily。
3.adj.—n.
例13.—On April 14th,an earthquake hit Yushu and destroyed its _____(beautiful) completely.
—It’s a great pity.(2010,镇江)
“4月14日,一场地震袭击了玉树并完全破坏了她的美丽。”这里应该用名词,答案为beauty。
例14.Do you know the _____(important) of the low-carbon lifestyle.
(2010,泰州)
“你知道低碳生活的重要性吗?”important的名词是importance。
4.v.—n.
例15.So far,I haven’t made a _____(decide) about where to go for the coming summer holidays.
(2010,镇江)
做一个决定,很明显这里用decide的名词形式decision。
例16.The kind-hearted _____(hunt) often takes care of the sick baby animals before returning them to the forest.
(2010,淮安)
好心肠的猎人,hunt的名词形式猎人为hunter。
三、词义的变化
这种情况通常是在原词上加上表示否定的前缀,如加上un-,dis-,in/im-,mis-等改变原词的意思从而达到句子意思的截然相反。
例17.It is _____(possible) for me to design the poster without your help.
(2010,泰州)
根据句子意思,没有你的帮助,我是不可能设计出海报的。possible的否定形式在其前加im,由此得出答案imposible。
例18.Simon is such a _____(honest) person that no one believes him.
(2010,扬州)
没有人相信Simon,由此可知他应该是个不诚实的人,答案是dishonest。
最后需要注意的是,有的题目中还会出现包含词形、词性、词义的双重或多重变化,这就需要答题者分外的细心了。
例19.Four _____(five) of the students in our class have heard about the trip.
(2010,常州)
子基母序是英语分数的表达方法,如果你仅仅以为这里填上fifth那就错了,分数的英文表达还有一个特点,当分子超过1的时候,分母要变成其相对应的复数形式,由此可知,正确答案应该为fifths。
例20.The guide has collected all the _____(visit) ID cards.
(2010,常州)
比较明显是首先要将动词visit改成名词visitor,而且是复数形式visitors,可是就结束了吗?很显然没有,导游收集的是所有旅客的身份证,要用所有格形式。答案为visitors’。
总之,无论是哪一种情况,我们在做题时候,切忌缺乏思考,无视上下文联系,提笔就写。静下心来,其实还是可以发现一定的答题规律和技巧的。首先我们要判断出所给词的词性,如是名词,则可以先考虑单复数,一般会是如改y为i再加es的;或是直接加es的;还有就是单复数同形,或者干脆就是特殊变化;如是形容词,要考虑是不是要改成副词,等等。二是寻找到句子中的提示词,如例1中的关键提示词them。三是考虑到固定搭配,如例15中的动词短语“做决定(make a decision)”。最后联系上下句,细细推敲,最终确定所给单词的正确形式。
巩固练习:用所给单词的正确形式填空。
1.—Mum,today is your day,the Women’s Day.Here are some _____(flower) for you.
—It’s very thoughtgul of you.Thanks,Kitty.
(2010.南京)
2.The tunnel under the Changjiang River makes it much
_____(easy) to get to Pukou District than before.
(2010.南京)
3.Most parents don’t think it is _____(health) for children to stay up too late at night.
(2010.南京)
4.There’s not too much _____(different) in price between the two mobile phones.
(2010,无锡)
5.Thank you for your _____(value) help and practical advice.
(2010,无锡)
6.Simon hates to be like others,he often tries to do everything _____(different).
(2010,徐州)
7.Some computer games have a bad _____(affect) on people,especially teenagers.
(2010,徐州)
8.Don’t be _____(patient)!You should listen to what he is saying first.
(2010,常州)
9.When the fire happened,the firemen hurried there and carried the children to _____(safe).
(2010,盐城)
10.His fan rushed towards him _____(short) after the match.
(2010,盐城)
11.This is the _____(light)and thinnest of all the e-books in the world.
(2010,扬州)
12.It’s _____(true) possible that robot teachers will be popular in schools some day.
(2010,扬州)
13.I think China is one of the most active _____(country) in the world market.
(2010.淮安)
14.—How many _____(tooth) does a dog have?
—Sorry.I have no idea.Let’s searth the Internet.
(2010.宿迁)
15.A computer is _____(expensive) than a TV set.
(2010.宿迁)
Keys:
1.flowers 2.easier 3.healthy 4.difference 5.valuable
6.differently 7.effect 8.impatient 9.safety 10.shortly
11.lightest 12.truly 13.countries 14.teeth 15.more/less expensive