压力指数决策技术及其应用进展
2011-09-28赵福麟
赵福麟
(中国石油大学石油工程学院,山东青岛266555)
压力指数决策技术及其应用进展
赵福麟
(中国石油大学石油工程学院,山东青岛266555)
压力指数(PI)决策技术是以决策参数值决定区块整体调剖重大问题的技术。值是通过注水井井口压降曲线和PIt值定义式首先算得PIt值,然后用区块注水井注水强度平均值的归整值G将PIt值改正值()算出。值可用作区块整体调剖的选块、选井、选调剖剂及计算其用量、评价调剖效果和决定重复施工时间的决策参数。近年来,PIt值和值分别在判别调剖的充分程度、识别优势渗流通道、油井堵水的选井和指导调剖施工的应用中取得进展。
PI决策技术;调剖;堵水
1 注水井井口压降曲线与PIt值
注水井井口压降曲线是指突然关井后注水井井口压力随时间的降落曲线。PIt值是由注水井井口压降曲线和PIt值的定义式算得。为了取得注水井井口压降曲线,可在正常的注水条件下突然关井,记录井口压力随时间变化,然后以压力为纵坐标,以时间为横坐标,画出注水井的井口压降曲线。图1为3条典型的注水井井口压降曲线。从图1可以看到,曲线Ⅰ、曲线Ⅱ和曲线Ⅲ是注水井分别与高渗透层、中渗透层和低渗透层连通得到的。
为将注水井井口压降曲线量化为一个决策参数,可将关井时间为t时曲线下的面积积分算出(图2),再由PIt值定义式算出PIt值,即
式中,PIt为注水井关井时间为t时的压力指数值,MPa;p(t)为注水井关井时间为t时的压力,MPa;t为注水井的关井时间,min。
图1 典型的注水井井口压降曲线Fig.1 Typical pressure drop curves at wellhead of injectors
图2dt的计算Fig.2 Calculation ofdt
从式(1)和图1可以看出,在相同关井时间t的条件下,PIt越小,注水地层的渗透率越高。
2 PIt值的理论基础与值
由注水井试井公式推导的注水井PIt值与地层参数和流体物性参数的关系式[20]为
式中,q为注水井的日注量,m3·d-1;μ为流体的黏度,mPa·s;k为地层渗透率,μm2;h为地层厚度,m;re为注水井控制半径,m;φ为地层孔隙度;C为综合压缩系数,Pa-1;t为注水井关井时间,s。
从式(2)可以看出,注水井的PIt值与地层渗透率反相关,与注水井注水强度(q/h)成正比。
为使注水井的PIt值可与区块中其他注水井的PIt值相比较,从而得到注水井各自连通地层的渗透率,应将各注水井的PIt值改正至一个相同的q/h值。这个相同的q/h值可选区块注水井的q/h平均值的就近归整值。由式(2)可得PIt值改正值的计算公式为
3 PI决策技术的应用
3.1 区块调剖必要性的判断
地层越不均质,越需要调剖。地层的不均质性可用渗透率级差表示。渗透率级差是指地层渗透率最大值与最小值的比值,其值越大,地层越不均质。为了保证水驱油藏的采收率,渗透率级差超过3的地层就需要调剖。
为了求出区块地层渗透率的级差,可通过测定区块上所有注水井的井口压降曲线,算出这些注水井的PI90值,由区块注水井q/h平均值的就近归整值G,改正PI90值,得值。由于地层渗透率与值反相关,因此该区块地层的渗透率级差为区块上注水井最大值与最小值的比值。
图3为曙光油田曙2-6-6块注水井的井口压降曲线。
图3 曙2-6-6块注水井井口压降曲线Fig.3 Pressure drop curves at wellhead of injectors in Shu2-6-6 block
表1为该区块注水井按PIG90值的排序。由于区块q/h平均值为0.89 m·d·m,所以就近取归整值(G)为1 m·d·m,因此将PI90记为PI90。
表1 曙2-6-6块注水井按PI190值排列Table 1 Arrangement of injectors in Shu2-6-6 block according tovalue
表1 曙2-6-6块注水井按PI190值排列Table 1 Arrangement of injectors in Shu2-6-6 block according tovalue
序号井号q/(m3·d-1)h/m h值(m3·d-1·m-1)q PI90/MPa PI190/MPa 说明17-0825.070.60.350.030.09 26-0546.099.00.460.310.67 36-0692.099.60.920.650.71 46-32055.0121.80.451.112.47调剖井57-7276.090.03.0710.093.29 66-0745.061.00.744.986.73 77-0383.076.01.098.197.51不处理井87-0752.075.00.697.3210.61 95-0468.079.80.8513.1615.48增注井106-01030.0116.40.264.2116.19平均77.288.90.895.016.38
由表1的数据可以算出曙2-6-6块渗透率的级差为180,其值远大于3,说明该区块很需要调剖。
3.2 调剖井的选择
区块整体调剖并不需要每口注水井都调剖。PI决策技术是按照区块注水井平均值与注水井的值选择调剖井。通常是值低于区块注水井平均值的井为调剖井值高于区块注水井平均值的注水井为增注井(增注也是调剖)值略高于或略低于区块注水井平均值的注水井为不处理井。区块整体调剖后可使地层的渗透率趋于均质,有利于提高区块水驱的波及系数和采收率。
3.3 调剖剂的选择
注水井调剖剂按4个标准选择,即地层温度、地层水矿化度、注水井的值和成本。选择调剖剂时,可从表2和表3按注水井的地层温度、地层水矿化度和值选择可用的调剖剂,再按成本最后选定调剖用的调剖剂。
表2 单液法调剖剂Table 2 Profile control agents for single-fluid method
表3 双液法调剖剂Table 3 Profile control agents for double-fluid method
3.4 调剖剂用量计算
按PI决策技术,调剖剂用量由下式计算:
式中,V为调剖剂的用量,m3;β为用量系数,m3·MPa-1·m-1;h为注水地层厚度,m;为调剖前后值预期提高值,MPa。
为了取得区块第一口调剖井的β值,按下式估算调剖剂的用量:
式中,V'为调剖剂的估算用量,m3;R2为调剖剂在高渗透层外沿半径,m;R1为调剖剂在高渗透层内沿半径,m;α为高渗透层厚度占注水地层厚度的份数,取10%~15%;γ为调剖剂注入的方向系数,取0.7~0.8。
3.5 调剖效果的评价
调剖后,注水井的注入压力提高,井口压降曲线下降变缓(图4),使注水井的值提高。因此,可用调剖前后的注水井井口压降曲线的变化和值的提高评价调剖效果[21-22]。
图4 调剖前后注水井井口压降曲线的变化Fig.4 Change of pressure drop curve at wellhead of injector before and after profile control
3.6 重复施工时间的决定
图5 调剖后注水井的值随时间变化曲线Fig.5 Change of injectorvalue with time after profile control
4 应用进展
4.1 调剖充分程度的判断
调剖的充分程度可用注水井井口压降曲线算出的充满度判断。图6是用于说明注水井井口压降曲线充满度的概念图。
图6 注水井井口压降曲线充满度的概念图Fig.6 Concept of full degree of pressure drop curve at wellhead of injector
充满度定义为
式中,FD为充满度;p0为关井前注水井的注水压力,MPa。
从式(6)可以看出,充满度可由PIt值和关井前注水井的注水压力p0算出。从图6可以看到,充满度等于注水井井口压降曲线下的面积面积的份数。若FD=0,即PIt=0,表示地层为优势渗流通道控制,关井后井口压力立即降至0;若FD=1,即PI=p0,表示地层无渗透性,关井后井口压力一点不变。对一般地层,调剖井调剖前FD值均小于0.65,而调剖后FD值一般为0.65~0.95。因此,注水井井口压降曲线的充满度可作为注水井调剖充分程度的判断。
表4为蒙古林油田试验区注水井调剖前后井口压降曲线充满度的变化。
表4 蒙古林油田试验区注水井井口压降曲线的充满度Table 4 Full degree of pressure drop curve at wellhead of injectors in pilot of Menggulin Oilfield
从表4可以看到,蒙古林油田试验区注水井已达到充分调剖的要求。
4.2 优势渗流通道的识别
图7 曙2-6-6块等值图及其立面图Fig.7 Contour diagram ofvalue and its stereogram of Shu2-6-6 block
4.3 堵水油井的选择
堵水油井的选井有3个决策参数。
(1)含水上升率指数。其定义式为
式中,WI为含水率上升指数;w(t)为油井产液中的含水率随时间的变化曲线;t2-t1为统计含水率的时间间隔。WI值越大的油井越需要堵水。
(2)油井所处位置剩余油饱和度。其值越大,油井越需要堵水。
可用模糊评判的方法,由上面3个决策参数,通过加权,产生一个称为堵水油井遴选值的决策参数,用于堵水油井的选井[23]。该方法已在濮城油田53块一类层18口油井整体堵水中应用,所选堵水油井与地质动态分析所选油井的符合率超过85%。
4.4 指导调剖施工
测定施工井井口压降曲线前,必须注2倍井筒体积的水将工作液推离井筒。测定时,应将注入水的注入速度与工作液注入速度保持一致,再由q/h值下的PI90值改正至G值下的PIG90值。施工时,此值也以升高2~4 MPa为宜,可通过调整调剖剂配方、调剖剂的剂型和调剖剂用量达到此目的。
5 结论
(3)PI决策技术可对区块调剖必要性、调剖井和调剖剂的选择、调剖剂用量的计算、调剖效果的评价和重复施工时间做出决策。
(4)PI决策技术在调剖充分程度的判断、优势渗流通道的识别、堵水油井的选井和指导调剖施工的应用中取得了进展。
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(编辑 刘为清)
Pressure index decision-making technique and its application progresses
ZHAO Fu-lin
(College of Petroleum Engineering in China University of Petroleum,Qingdao 266555,China)
The pressure index(PI)decision-making technique is a decision-making technique by the parametervalue for determining the major issues of injectors profile control on the block wide.value can be obtained first by the PItvalue calculated based on the pressure drop curve at the wellhead of injector and the definition formula of PItvalue,and then by the PItvalue correction based on the round average of the injection strength of injectors on the block wide.value can be used for determining the necessity of profile control on block wide,determining the wells for profile control,selecting the agents used in profile control,calculating the amount of the profile control agents,evaluating the effects and deciding the repeated construction time.In recent years,the applications of PItvalue and PIGtvalue have made some progresses respectively in distinguishing the full degree of profile control,judging the dominant permeable pathway,selecting the water shutoff wells and guiding profile control construction.
pressure index decision-making technique;profile control;water shutoff
TE 37
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2011.01.016
2010-10-10
赵福麟(1933-),男(汉族),广东广州人,教授,博士生导师,长期从事油田化学教学和科研工作。
1673-5005(2011)01-0082-07