硒的伏安行为及测定的研究进展
2011-06-12王瑞侠周享春陆光汉
王瑞侠,周享春,陆 蓉,陆光汉
(1.池州学院化工系,安徽 池州 347000;2.长江大学化学环境工程系,湖北 荆州 434023;3.武汉职业技术学院旅游系,湖北 武汉 430074;4.武汉华中师范大学化学系,湖北 武汉 430079)
0 引 言
硒是人体必需要的微量元素之一,具有预防和抑制肿瘤的作用.硒为电子及冶金工业领域所使用,所以硒的分析显得特别重要.硒和碲都是多价元素,对于碲的电化学行为笔者已作综述[1-2].由于硒变价的多样性,导致电化学反应的复杂性.它们表现出特殊的电化学性质.硒可以与某些金属生成金属互化物,也可以生成硒的络合物,还可以生成H2Se等氢化物,溶出伏安法[3]就是利用这些特性建立起硒的电化学分析法.笔者在此对硒的阳极和阴极溶出伏安法的行为作出评述.
1 硒同金属离子形成互化物的伏安行为
用伏安法(悬汞电极作工作电极)测定Se(IV)[4]时,一般是先在一定电位下富集,然后溶出,产生溶出电流.电极反应式为:
H2SeO3+4H++Hg+4e→HgSe+3H2O
HgSe+2H++2e→H2Se+Hg
文献[5]用玻碳汞膜电极作为工作电极,在0.1 mol/L HClO4-0.1 mol/L KCl介质中,Se(IV)在-0.1 v(vs·SCE)电解,硒形成难溶的HgSe,阴极溶出时,富集在电极上的HgSe还原电极反应如下:
H2SeO3+6H++6eH2Se+3H2O
Hg+H2SeHgSe+2H++2e
HgSe+2H++2eH2Se+Hg
其他工作见文献[6-15]和表1.
为了提高测定灵敏度,利用硒与其他金属离子生成金属互化物的性质,在测定体系中引入金属离子(如Pb2+,Cu2+,Hg2+等),如在测定体系中加入Cu2+[16],Cu2+与Se(IV)生成金属互化物,反应如下:
Se(IV)+2Cu(Hg)+4e→Cu2Se(Hg)2
然后再溶出:
Cu2Se(Hg)2+2H++2e→H2Se+2Cu(Hg)
这种方法灵敏度大大提高.文献[16]的检测限达9×10-10mol/L.除了加上述金属离子外,还可以加入稀有金属离子,Wang[25]在0.1 mol/L H2SO4-10 μg/L Rh(Ⅲ)体系中,在-0.2 V集时,发生下述电极反应:
3H2SeO3+12H++2Rh(Ⅲ)+18e→Rh2Se3+9H2O
产生的伏安响应在-0.97 V检测限达6×10-12mol/L.
在0.3 mol/L HCl-75PPbRh(Ⅲ)体系中,由于变价硒的复杂性,Se(IV)的伏安行为与Wang不一样.硒与介质的组分生成混合络合物,并产生氢催化波[17].Se(IV)于-0.2 v(vs·Ag/AgCl)沉积,Se(IV)被还原成Se(-Ⅱ),接着Se(-Ⅱ)与Rh(Ⅲ)等生成混合络合物:
当电位扫描-1.15 V(vs·Ag/AgCl),发生下面电极反应:
表1 硒的伏安行为
产生的电流是催化氢波引起的,产生催化氢波的原因是混合络合物吸附在汞电极表面,使电极表面得到修饰,H+放电电位正移.又因为下列反应发生:
产物又回到电极上放电,形成催化循环而增大电流,产生灵敏的催化氢波,检测限达2.4×10-12mol/L.用铜汞齐[18]作工作电极,测定硒时发生下述电极反应:
沉积:Cu2++2e+Hg→Cu(Hg)
2Cu(Hg)+H2SeO3+4H++4e→Cu2Se(Hg)2
溶出:Se(Hg)2+2H++2e→H2Se+2Cu(Hg)
检测限达0.25 nmol/L.
文献[19]考虑到汞害和环境污染的问题,用碳金膜电极微分阳极溶出伏安测定水中痕量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ),在0.5 mol/L HNO3底液中,于-0.4 V(vs·SCE)电积,然后溶出,其过程如下:
该方法检测限达5×10-10mol/L.
其他工作见表2[26-33].
表2 在不同物质存在下硒的阴极溶出伏安测定
2 硒络合物的伏安行为
如文献[20]研究了在R-B缓冲溶液中,硒(Ⅳ)与邻苯二胺(O-PDA)体系的示差脉冲吸附伏安行为.Se(Ⅳ)在溶液中先与O-PDA生成络合物,该络合物吸附在汞电极上,然后溶出,其电极反应式如下:
Se(Ⅳ)-O-PDA(ads)(Hg)+4e→Se(O)-O-PDA(ads)(Hg)
该方法灵敏度高,检测限可达5.0×10-10mol/L,用此法测定了人发中微量硒.
文献[21]在0.1 mol/L HCl-1.0×10-3二氨基萘(DAN)体系中,Se(Ⅳ)-DAN络合物在+0.05 V(vs·SCE)富集,Se(Ⅳ)+DAN→[Se(Ⅳ)-DAN]吸附
在-0.06 V(vs·SCE)Se(Ⅳ)还原成Se(0),与汞生成金属互化物.
[Se(Ⅳ)-DAN]+4e+Hg→SeHg+DAN吸附
在-0.46 V(vs·SCE)进一步还原成Se(-II).
SeHg+2H++2e→H2Se+Hg
该方法的检测限达到1×10-8mol/L.
文献[22]报道了在0.1 mol/L HCl-4-苯二胺(4N0PD)溶液中,Se(III)与4N0PD发生反应.
汞电极上HgSe进一步还原为:
HgSe+2H++2e→H2Se+Hg
该方法的检测限7.6×10-10mol/L.
文献[23]利用3,5-二溴代邻苯二胺在弱酸(0.1 mol/L HNO3)介质中与硒反应生成4,6-二溴代苯硒胺,该络合物有电活性,电极反应机理为:
得出:
由于汞(膜)电极对人体有害,而镀金膜电极要耗掉贵重的黄金.
而铋膜玻碳电极电位窗口宽,溶出峰分辩力强,对溶解氧不敏感,实验时不必除O2,方便了实验操作.而且铋膜电极是对环境友好的电极,铋膜电极的使用,使溶出伏安的技术得到改进和发展,近几年各种修饰电极在溶出伏安法中的应用[33-35],使得该方法具有更多的实际应用价值和良好的发展空间.文献[24]采用铋膜玻碳电极作为工作电极在HAC-NaAc~氨基苯(ABSA)(pH2.9)的体系中测定硒.测定的原理是Se(Ⅳ)与ABSA生成络合物,由于该络合物具有强烈的吸附性,吸附在铋膜电极上的络合物进行电还原,产生溶出电流.检测限达1.3×10-8mol/L.
电极反应机理如下:
2ABSA+H3SeO3+2H+→ABSA-Se-ABSA+3H2O
Se(Ⅳ)(ABSA)2+Bi→Se(Ⅳ)(ABSA)2(ads)(Bi)
Se(Ⅳ)(ABSA)2(ads)(Bi)+4e→Se(0)(ABSA)2(ads)(Bi)
文献利用在0.5 mol/L HCl-0.5 mol/L Kl溶液中,Se(Ⅳ)与I-作用生成Se-I2络合物[37],该络合物富集在汞电极上,吸附在汞电极上的Se(0)被还原成Se(-II)产生电流.实际上Se-I2络合物1951年就有作者把它用来测定海水中硒(光度法),但用在溶出伏安法测定微量硒的确是一种创新.
其他生成硒络合物的溶出伏安法见文献[38-40].
文献[41]用铋膜石墨电极测定硒时,产生一催化氢波,电位为1 150 mV(vs·Ag/AgCl),并被实验证明的确为一催化氢波;作者用同样的催化氢波体系测定了另一元素[42].
还有方法把阴极溶出伏安与催化极谱联用,使测定灵敏度大为提高.它的原理是在一定的电位下富集,然后把电极放入有催化体系的溶液中,电极反应如下:
电沉积:Hg+H2SeO3+4H++4e→HgSe+3H2O
溶出:HgSe+2H++2e→Hg+H2Se
生成的H2SeO3又在电极上还原,产生很大的催化电流,灵敏度达到7.0×10-10mol/L.
为了提高灵敏度,有方法先把硒富集在一个载体上[43-44],然后进行收集,再用伏安法测定.实践证明,用伏安法测定硒是一简单可行的方法,特别在研究其反应机理方面更有特色.
3 结 语
由于溶出伏安法可以有效地提高灵敏度,降低检测限,溶出伏安仪价廉,它是目前乃至今后相当长时间内测定微量硒的主要方法之一.但任何一种分析方法都有不足,溶出伏安法存在最大的难题是工作电极的表面(特别是固体电极)的污染,影响了电极的稳定性.随着使用方便的电化学敏感电极深入研发,前处理样品方法联用、清洗和再生电极表面的技术不断改进,测定硒体系不断的更新以及电极反应机理的深入研究,必将使伏安法技术得到新的发展.
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