肝切除过程中入肝血流阻断方法的探讨
2011-02-09100853解放军总医院肝胆外科陈永卫董家鸿审校
100853 解放军总医院肝胆外科 陈永卫 董家鸿(审校)
肝切除过程中入肝血流阻断方法的探讨
100853 解放军总医院肝胆外科 陈永卫 董家鸿(审校)
目的 对肝切除过程中实施肝门血流阻断方法进行深入探讨。方法 通过检索中国医院知识仓库全文数据库、MEDLINE相关文献对肝门血流阻断的方法进行分类,并客观评估每种方法的利弊。结果 Pringle法是最早应用于肝切术手术时控制肝断面失血量的方法,此法简单、易行,也是目前临床应用最广泛的一种方法,但是时间不宜过长,否则会对肝脏产生严重的缺血再灌注损伤,尤其对肝脏本身存在基础病变的患者;全肝血流阻断有很好的手术中控制失血量的效果,但是缺血再灌注损伤应引起重视;半肝血流阻断和保留肝动脉的半肝血流阻断方法一定程度上减轻了肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,但是只能应用于手术操作位于一侧半肝的患者,应用范围受到一定局限;肝段血流阻断法对肿瘤较小且局限于一个肝段或相邻几个肝段的手术操作是一种理想的阻断方法,但是由于操作复杂,定位困难,只能在一些医疗条件较好,且具备熟练解剖知识的高年资外科医生中开展。结论 实施肝门血流阻断,控制肝断面失血量是肝脏手术中的一项重要技术,目前临床应用的肝门控制方法各有利弊,探索一种既有较好的止血效果,又最大限度的减少因阻断对肝脏产生损伤和对全身血流动力学影响的入肝血流阻断方法,仍然需要深入的研究和探讨。
肝蒂;阻断方法;肝切除术
肝脏是一个血供丰富的内脏器官,肝切除过程中肝创面出血是影响手术及术后患者恢复的重要因素。自1908年Pringle提出通过阻断肝蒂的入肝血流方法来减少肝脏手术时出血的方法后,医学研究者又提出多种改良方法,很大程度上提高了肝脏手术的安全性,促进了复杂肝脏手术的开展[1-3]。然而,这些阻断方法不可避免地会对残留肝脏造成缺血再灌注损伤,因此,肝脏耐受阻断的时间有一定限度,目前大量研究的重点集中在通过不断改进阻断方法来减轻缺血再灌注损伤,以达到延长肝脏耐受阻断时限的目的[4-10]。下面作者对肝切除过程中入肝血流的阻断方法的演进及目前研究现状进行回顾性总结。
1 Pringle法
1908年格拉斯格皇家医院的外科医生Pringle提出阻断肝蒂入肝血流以减少肝脏手术中肝创面出血的方法[11],至今已有100多年历史,目前仍然为许多临床医生采用,是一种应用最广泛的控制切肝时出血的措施,特点是操作简便易行,少时实用[12],几乎可用于各种类型的肝切除术[13]。但是,阻断入肝血流会对肝脏产生明显的热缺血再灌注损伤,特别是对肝实质本身存在脂肪变和肝硬化等病变患者,更应该严格控制阻断累计时间,否则术后发生急性肝衰竭的风险明显增加[14]。另外,肝蒂阻断时间过长影响了肠道血液回流,会引起肠道黏膜屏障损害和肠道细菌移位,引起全身内毒素血症[15],甚至引起急性肺损伤[16]及胰腺功能损害[17]等多个器官的功能不全。对于肝肿瘤患者有研究表明肝脏缺血再灌注损伤可能增加肿瘤转移的风险[18]。
2 全肝血流阻断法
全肝血流阻断方法的提出是伴随无血肝切除理念而产生的,又称为无血肝切除术。1978年Huguet首次报告应用该方法成功完成较困难的肝切除术14例[19]。该法阻断血管的顺序为:腹主动脉(隔下位置)、肝十二指肠韧带、肝下下腔静脉和肝上下腔静脉,开放的顺序与阻断顺序相反。阻断过程中会引起暂时性血流动力学改变,部分病人无法耐受[20]。Stephen等人在99例肝大部切除时常规应用这种方法,发现有门脉高压的肝硬化患者死亡率较高[21]。有研究表明阻断腹主动脉会引起下肢和腹腔内脏缺血、缺氧,甚至脊髓缺血,阻断开放后所产生的酸性代谢产物和肠道内毒素进入循环会造成多脏器功能损害。另外,合并有肝硬化的患者,往往腹后壁有静脉曲张,游离腹主动脉易出血。之后,对此法进行多次改良,如不阻断腹主动脉的方法,保留腔静脉通畅的方法,体外静脉转流下全肝血流阻断法等,这些方法虽然能达到较好的肝脏手术的止血效果,但是有操作复杂,对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤明显,对全身血流动力学影响较大等缺点,目前临床应用较少。
3 半肝血流阻断法
1987年日本的Makuuchi提出了半肝血流阻断方法,以达到减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤和内脏充血的目的[22]。半肝阻断保留了健侧半肝的正常入肝血流,离断或阻断患侧半肝的入肝血流,避免健侧肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,防止门脉系统淤血,保持血流动力学稳定,为从容进行手术争取了时间[23]。国内黄颖烽等对肝癌患者采用半肝阻断和Pringle法进行切肝对比,认为半肝血流阻断明显优越于Pringle法,术后肝功能恢复快,并发症减少[24-25]。而Juan Figuera等研究表明对于正常肝脏,半肝血流阻断和Pringle法无明显差别,对于肝脏本身存在肝硬化、脂肪变等病变时半肝血流阻断法能减轻肝细胞损害[26]。但是,这种阻断方法由于需要解剖左右肝门,增加了手术时间和手术难度,更重要的是存在损伤并行胆管引起胆漏的风险[27],同时由于未阻断的健侧入肝血流增加,会增加保留侧肝横断面20%的血流量,引起肝断面出血量增多[28],甚至引起肝断面严重出血[29]。
4 保留动脉血供的半肝入肝血流阻断法
2005 中国医科大学戴朝六等提出了保留肝动脉的半肝血流阻断技术。从入肝血流的流量分布和血氧含量的差异知正常肝脏70%~75%的血液供应来自于门静脉,而供氧40%~60%来自于动脉血。因此,我们称门静脉入肝血流为功能性供血,动脉血为营养性供血,根据此特点,戴朝六等提出保留健侧半肝的动脉,阻断门静脉,并完全阻断患侧肝门,以达到减少术中出血,又能保证健侧的需氧量[30]。穆振国等报告该法优于全肝入肝血流阻断,对防治术后肝衰有重要意义[31]。但是,由于完全阻断了门静脉的入肝血流,对肝脏及肠道仍然存在热缺血再灌注损伤,而且随着外科手术技术的不断进步,许多高难度、复杂手术的开展,如肝门部肿瘤、扩大半肝切除技术等,均无法实施半肝血流阻断,因此,半肝血流阻断方法的应用存在一定的局限性。
5 肝段血流阻断法
Castaing D等1989年提出超声引导下肝段内门脉血流阻断技术[32],即在超声引导下将气囊导管插入病灶所在肝段门静脉,后用生理盐水注满球囊,使球囊扩张阻断相应分支,并门脉管道注入亚甲蓝,在染色肝实质的背景下更清楚地辨别分段,便于精确地进行肝段或联合肝段切除。区金锐等认为该法优越于半肝阻断法[33]。肝段血流阻断法体现了一种精准外科手术的理念,它可以最大限度地减少预留肝脏的缺血损伤,并且可以准确切除需要切除的肝段。但是,该法操作复杂,手术者需要具备很高的手术技能和对肝脏内管道走行的准确解剖手法,是一种高难度手术,只有高年资外科医生才能完成。
6 保留肝动脉间断阻断门静脉的肝血流阻断方法
随着对热缺血再灌注理论研究的不断深入,发现间断阻断入肝血流的时间越短,对肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤越轻微,基于此观点Ozmen MM等于2003年提出保留肝动脉间断阻断门静脉的入肝血流阻断法,其研究认为每次阻断时间不超过10 min,间断开放10 min,术后对肝脏损伤轻微,与连续阻断组相比有明显统计学差异[34]。Nagano H等于2009年在文献中阐述了相同阻断方法[35]。其缺点主要是术中需要反复阻断开放门静脉,开放时为减少出血需要停止手术,并需压迫肝创面,这样延长了手术时间,临床应用较繁琐,此方法目前尚限于动物实验,未见临床应用报道。
7 结语
从肝门血流阻断方法的演进过程来看,从最初的简单的完全阻断肝门技术,到逐渐探索一种既有较好的肝切除时的止血效果,又最大限度地减少因阻断对肝脏产生损伤和对全身血流动力学影响的入肝血流阻断方法,100多年来,肝门阻断方法几经改良更新,取得很大的发展和进步,但是仍然没有一种近于完美的肝门阻断方法。随着近些年各种止血设备和器械的研发,如超声止血刀、微波止血刀、刮吸止血刀等对肝脏手术的止血取得很好的效果,部分肝切除手术甚至不需要进行入肝血流的阻断,将这些止血技术和入肝血流的阻断方法进行相互补充融合,对肝门阻断方法的改进及探索新的肝门阻断方法必然产生重大影响。
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Objective Deeply investigate hepatic blood flow occlusion methods used during hepatectomy.Methods Classify hepatic blood flow occlusion methods by retrieving Full-text database of China Hospital Know ledge Database and MEDLINE-related literatures and objectively assess advantages and disadvantages of each method.Results Pringle method was the firstmethod controlling blood loss of liver sections used in hepatectomy.Thismethod was simple and easy.Also,it is currently the most-w ide clinical application method.However,the time can't be too long,or it will cause serious ischemia-reperfusion injury to liver,especially for patients with inherent basis liver lesion.Total hepatic blood flow occlusion has good effect on blood loss control during hepatectomy,but ischemia-reperfusion injury should be taken seriously;blood flow occlusion of half liver and half hepatic blood flow occlusion retaining hepatic artery reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury to liver to certain extent,but they can only be used for patients that surgical operation is carried out at the half liver on one side.The application range is subject to certain limitations.Blood flow occlusion method of hepatic segment is a good occlusion method for surgical operation that tumor is smaller and confined to one hepatic segment or adjacent hepatic segments.But as complex operation and difficult positioning,it only can be carried out by surgeons with good anatomical know ledge and many-year qualification in some hospitals with bettermedical conditions.Conclusion It is an important technology in hepatectomy to carry out hepatic blood flow occlusion and control blood loss of liver sections.Currently,clinically-used controlmethods have various advantages and disadvantages.It is required to further research and investigate for exploring one hepatic blood flow occlusion method that has better hemostatic effect and can minimize the damage of occlusion to liver and influence of occlusion on systemic hemodynamics.
Hepatic pedicle;Occlusion method;Hepatectomy
1005-619X(2011)03-0196-03
国家传染病防治科技重大专项基金(项目编号:2008ZX10002-26)
2010-11-04)
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