名词专项讲练

李国勤

名词的概念在不同的语法教科书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall， America等，它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker等，它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family, class, team等,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water, paper等，它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time等，它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。

一、名词种类

专有名词：London, John, the Communist Party of China…

普通名词： nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table…

集体名词： class, family, army, police, team, people…

物质名词： water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand…

抽象名词： happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest…

二、名词功用

作主语： My family are now in New York.

作表语： His father is a scientist.

作宾语： We love our great motherland.

作宾语补足语： He made London the base for his work.

作定语： The girls are making paper flowers.

作状语： The car cost him 1000 dollars.

作同位语： Mr. Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.

名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English, air, water, cotton, work……可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。

可数名词复数形式的构成规律是：

1. 一般情况加s,如：pen—pens, doctor—doctors, boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读［s］，在元音和浊辅音后读［z］。如：map—maps， boy—boys。

2. 在以s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词后面加es，如：bus—buses, class—classes,其读音为［iz］。

3. 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge结尾的名词加s，其读音为［iz］。如：piece—pieces, sneeze—sneezes, college—colleges。

4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要将y变为i再加es，读作［z］，如：factory—factories, country—countries, family—families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如:boy—boys, day—days。

5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词，缩写词以o结尾的则只加s，如：tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes; photo—photos, radio—radios, piano—pianos。

6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es，如：knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。

7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的，它没有规律可循，如:man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, mouse—mice。

8. 单复数同形的名词有：fish, sheep, deer…

9. 单数形式但其意义为复数的名词有:people, police等。

名词还有格的变化，其主格可作主语，宾格可作宾语。还有所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及所属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s，其复数形式是s，如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day。在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk。但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers。

【小试牛刀】

1. Lucy and Lily _＿＿＿ in the same class.

A. am B. is C. are D. be

2. Which is the ＿＿_＿ to the bus stop， please?

A. road B. way C. street D. address

3. Hurry up! There is _＿＿＿ time left.

A. little B. a little C. few D. a few

4. How many ＿＿＿_ can you see in the picture?

A. tomatos B. tomatoes C. tomato D. the tomato

5. “＿＿＿_ is the meat， please?” “Ten yuan a kilo.”

A. How much B. How many C. How old D. How long

6. The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is _＿＿＿.

A. James Allen B. Allen Green C. James Green D. Mr. Green

7. Shanghai is one of the biggest ＿＿＿_ in our country.

A. city B. citys C. citys D. cities

8. Would you please pass me _＿＿＿?

A. two paper B. two papers C. two pieces of paper D. two pieces of papers

9. I only have _＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.

A. a bit B. a bit of C. little D. few

10. “What would you like, Ann?” “Id like two _＿＿＿.”

A. glass of milk B. glasses of milk C. glass of milks D. glasses of milks

11. There isnt ＿_＿＿ paper in the box. Will you go and get _＿＿＿ for me?

A. any； some B. any； any C. some； some D. some； any

12. These foreign friends are _＿＿＿.

A. German B. Germen C. Germany D. Germans

13. All the students are busy, so _＿＿＿ of them will go to the cinema.

A. many B. little C. a few D. few

14. There are three ＿＿＿_ and seven ＿_＿＿ in the picture.

A. deers； sheeps B. deers； sheep C. deer； sheep D. deer； sheeps

15. “Whose room is this?” “Its _＿＿＿.”

A. my B. Kikes and Johns C. our D. Kike and Johns

Key(3)