各型胰腺假性囊肿的治疗策略及预后判断
2010-11-24鲁晓岚内田英二横室茂樹相本隆幸中村慶春田尻孝
鲁晓岚 内田英二 横室茂樹 相本隆幸 中村慶春 田尻孝
·论著·
各型胰腺假性囊肿的治疗策略及预后判断
鲁晓岚 内田英二 横室茂樹 相本隆幸 中村慶春 田尻孝
目的分析各种急性和慢性胰腺假性囊肿(PPs)的特征和预后,探讨侵入性治疗PPs的预测因子。方法回顾性分析1995年1月至2004年12月日本医科大学诊治的36例PPs患者的临床资料。将患者分成急性胰腺炎并发的PPs自发缓解组(急性缓解组);急性胰腺炎并发的PPs症状持续或有并发症需要侵入治疗组(急性治疗组);慢性胰腺炎并发的PPs自发缓解组(慢性缓解组)和慢性胰腺炎并发的PPs症状持续或有并发症需要侵入治疗组(慢性治疗组),每组9例。结果36例患者中,女性13例,男性23例。胰腺炎病因:酒精性18例(50.0%),胆源性8例(22.2%),其他原因10例(27.8%)。平均随访时间(24.2±18.5)个月。绝大多数囊肿(32/36,88.9%)与主胰管不相交通;各组囊肿数量、部位均无显著差异;慢性缓解组囊肿直径最小,均lt;4 cm,显著小于其他3组(Plt;0.05);两缓解组的囊肿多数无增大,而两治疗组的囊肿绝大多数有增大;急性治疗组中4例(44.4%)囊壁增厚(gt;2~3 cm),慢性治疗组中1例(11.1%)囊壁增厚,余囊壁正常。急性PPs的病因多为胆源性,多数位于胰尾,而且这些患者的体表指数、囊肿大小、确诊时有PPs相关症状的例数均显著高于慢性PPs。结论随访期间PPs体积增大强烈提示需要侵入治疗。慢性PPs囊肿直径lt;4 cm是预后良好的指标,急性PPs直径lt;8 cm是自然消退的指标。
胰腺炎; 胰腺假性囊肿; 治疗; 预测
胰腺假性囊肿(pancreatic pseudocysts,PPs)是急、慢性胰腺炎和创伤后胰腺炎的一个主要并发症。PPs或自然消退,或引起持续的症状和并发症。PPs治疗可选择外科手术、体外引流和内镜下引流,也可以选择非侵入性治疗。因此,对PPs的个性化治疗至关重要。目前PPs的诊断标准很不统一,且很多因素都可能影响PPs的转归[1-2],以致我们有效选择最合适的治疗很困难。鉴于许多报道都没有很好地区分急性和慢性PPs[3],而这两者的病程不同[4-5],故本文分析急、慢性PPs各自的特征和预后,为选择不同治疗方法寻找预测因素。
资料与方法
一、临床资料
选取1995年1月至2004年12月期间在东京日本医科大学附属医院治疗的36例PPs患者。根据亚特兰大制定的标准,急性胰腺炎后胰液积聚持续6周以上并被纤维组织或肉芽组织包裹、在疼痛出现6周后腹部CT证实的囊肿为急性PPs;慢性胰腺炎后胰液积聚并被纤维组织或肉芽组织包裹而缺乏急性胰腺炎证据的为慢性PPs。慢性胰腺炎的诊断包括反复发作的腹痛加上影像学证实有胰腺钙化、主胰管扩张或胰腺实质的萎缩;急性胰腺炎的诊断包括胰性疼痛,伴有血清胰淀粉酶和(或)脂肪酶超过正常上限3倍,影像学有急性胰腺炎征象,或外科证实有胰性感染存在。
通过复习患者的完整资料将患者分为4组,每组9例。急性缓解组:急性PPs患者,囊肿未经治疗自然消退;急性治疗组:急性PPs患者,但症状持续或并发相关并发症需要手术(2例)、经皮穿刺或内镜下引流治疗(7例);慢性缓解组:慢性PPs患者,囊肿自然消退;慢性治疗组:慢性PPs患者,症状持续或有相关并发症需要手术(5例)、经皮穿刺或内镜下引流治疗(4例)。不能明确是急性还是慢性PPs、随访期lt;2个月的、所做手术与PPs无关者及出现慢性PPs前有急性胰腺炎发生史者被排除在外。
二、分析指标
分析年龄、性别;既往急性胰腺炎的病因和Ranson评分;PPs相关症状(疼痛加重、发热、梗阻的症状如呕吐和黄疸);体表指数(kg/m2);PPs的最大直径(多发囊肿以最大的囊肿直径计算);囊肿壁增厚还是正常;囊肿位置、数量;囊肿与主胰管是否交通;PPs局部和(或)系统并发症(感染、梗阻、肝内外胆管扩张、囊内出血、肠系膜静脉血栓形成、血肿、脾破裂、囊肿破裂、腹水等);主胰管异常(扩张、狭窄和钙化);随访期做腹部CT和超声了解PPs的增大情况。
三、统计学处理
采用SPSS 11.0统计软件包进行两独立样本的t检验和Logistic回归分析。连续性资料采用均数、标准差和全距来描述。结果用双向P检验,Plt;0.05具有统计学意义。
结 果
一、临床资料比较
36例患者中男性23例,女性13例,平均年龄为57岁(26~81岁);胰腺炎的病因:酒精性18例(50.0%),胆源性8例(22.2%),其他原因10例(27.8%)。从表1中看出,两急性组年龄有显著差异(P=0.011),而两慢性组间无显著差异。急性缓解组主要病因是胆源性,急性治疗组主要病因是酒精性,差异显著(P=0.010),而两慢性组间无显著差异。两急性组在确诊时有PPs相关症状者显著高于两慢性组(P=0.039)。两急性组的体表指数有显著差异(P=0.026),而两慢性组间无显著差异。各组的Ronson评分均无显著差异。
二、PPs特征比较
从表1中看出,绝大多数囊肿(32/36,88.9%)与主胰管不相交通;各组囊肿数量、部位均无显著差异。慢性缓解组囊肿直径最小,均lt;4 cm,显著小于其他3组(Plt;0.05),而两急性组间无显著差异;两缓解组的囊肿多数无增大,而两治疗组的囊肿绝大多数有增大,两急性组及两慢性组间差异均显著(P=0.003,P=0.015);急性治疗组中4例(44.4%)囊壁增厚(gt;2~3 cm),慢性缓解组中1例(11.1%)囊壁增厚,余囊壁正常,两急性组间相差显著(P=0.015)。此外,急性缓解组2例合并主胰管狭窄,急性治疗组5例、慢性缓解组4例、慢性治疗组6例出现主胰管狭窄、扩张或钙化、截断。
三、并发症及预后的比较
急性缓解组中发生腹水1例,囊内出血1例;急性治疗组并发感染1例,囊内出血1例;慢性缓解组发生囊内出血1例;慢性治疗组并发感染2例,黄疸1例。本组平均随访(24.2±18.5)个月。急性缓解组中7例(77.8%)在8周内自然消退,1例5个月后消退,1例24个月后消退,观察期内均无复发。慢性缓解组中7例(77.8%)在8周内自然消退,1例10周后消退,1例持续观察6个月未见囊肿缩小;观察期间2例复发,其中1例因囊肿出血行经皮囊肿穿刺引流术,另1例未作处理,2年后症状消失。急性治疗组中2例复发,1例行胰体尾切除术,1例未处理,2个月后囊肿疼痛消失。所有行手术治疗的患者均无复发。全组总复发率为11.1%(4/36),其中3例复发患者是酒精性胰腺炎,1例病因不明。慢性缓解组中1例1年后死于慢性胰腺炎,余均存活。
表1 各组PPs的临床特征
注:与急性缓解组比较,aPlt;0.05;与急性治疗组比较,bPlt;0.05;与两慢性组比较,cPlt;0.05;与慢性治疗组比较,dPlt;0.05
讨 论
PPs的转归可以分为自然消退,囊肿存在但持续无症状、有症状和(或)有相关并发症需要治疗[6-7]。文献报道[8-9], 预测囊肿自然消退的因素包括PPs的大小、数量、位置和胰腺炎的病因。但这些研究的组之间缺少同质性的评估,结论难以确定。本研究选择急性胰腺炎和慢性胰腺炎并发的PPs各18例,又分为非手术和手术(或介入)治疗各9例,保证了患者之间的可比性。
本结果显示,无论是急性PPs,还是慢性PPs,均可自然消退。两组的年龄、性别比无显著差异。自然消退的囊肿多为单发,与主胰管无交通,囊壁正常,无明显生长。但急性PPs的病因多为胆源性,多数位于胰尾,而且其患者体表指数、囊肿大小、确诊时有PPs相关症状的例数均显著高于慢性PPs(Plt;0.05)。
囊肿大小通常被认为与囊肿发展关系最密切。以前多项研究认为,囊肿大小是侵入性治疗的预测因素[8,10]。Soliani等[3]和Vitas等[11]认为急性PPs比慢性PPs更容易自然消退。Bourliere等[5]认为,慢性PPs是不容易自然消退的。Yeo等[12]认为,67%慢性PPs,只要囊肿直径gt;6 cm需要介入治疗。Gouyon等[1]报道,慢性酒精性胰腺炎所致的PPs,直径lt;4 cm为独立预测因素。本结果显示,所有自然消退的慢性PPs的直径均lt;4 cm,其直径仅是慢性PPs需介入治疗者的一半;直径gt;6 cm 的大部分慢性PPs最终需要侵入性治疗,表明慢性PPs的大小是介入治疗的预测因素。但对急性PPs而言,自然消退的囊肿平均直径虽小于介入治疗者,但仍大于慢性PPs需要介入治疗者。基于此,我们认为,慢性PPs囊肿直径lt;4 cm为预后良好的指标,急性PPs直径lt;8 cm为自然消退的指标。此外,在观察期内囊肿增大,不论是急性PPs还是慢性PPs均强烈提示需要侵入性治疗,这与 Aranha等[6]的报道一致。
Nguyen等[8]报道,胆源性PPs自然消退可能性小。本组18例急性PPs中,胆源性8例,其中6例自然消退,2例手术,与其结论不一致,但总共4例囊肿持续存在者却都是胆源性胰腺炎并发的。这些差异可能与不同国家、地域有关,也可能受到其他原因影响,需进一步研究。
本组中急性PPs自然缓解组患者年龄显著高于其他组,其中2例出现手术指证,但由于年龄和健康问题拒绝侵入性治疗,结果经非手术治疗囊肿消退,而且也无复发。因此,我们认为,只要症状控制良好,观察期间囊肿比较稳定且无增大的情况下,可以采取非介入治疗,年龄不是一个重要因素。
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2009-06-09)
(本文编辑:吕芳萍)
Managementandprognosticfactorsofpancreaticpseudocysts
LUXiao-lan,UchidaEiji,YokomuroShigeki,NakamuraYoshiharu,AimotoTakayuki,TajiriTakashi.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,SecondAffiliatedHospital,Xi′anJiaotongUniversity,Xi′an710004,China
LUXiao-lan,Email:xiaolan_lu@163.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics and prognosis of acute and chronic pancreatic pseudocysts and to identify the predictive factors of interventional treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.MethodsFrom January 1995 to December 2004, 36 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts at Nippon Medical School were studied retrospectively. Group 1 included 9 patients with acute pancreatitis associated pseudocysts which resolved spontaneously. Group 2 included 9 patients with acute pancreatitis associated pseudocysts and symptoms persisted or with complications which requiring interventional treatment. Group 3 included 9 patients with chronic pancreatitis associated pseudocysts which resolved spontaneously. Group 4 included 9 patients with chronic pancreatitis associated pseudocysts with symptoms persisted or with complications which requiring interventional treatment.ResultsAmong the 36 patients, there were 13 women and 23 men. The etiology of pancreatitis due to alcohol was 18(50.0%) cases, biliary tract disease 8(22.2%)cases, others 10(27.8%) cases. The average duration of follow up was (24.2±18.5) months. The majority of pseudocysts (32/36, 88.9%) were not communicated with the main pancreatic duct; the number and location of the 4 groups of pseudocysts were not significantly different; the biggest diameter of pancreatic pseudocysts in group 3 was the smallest, all below 4 cm, which was significantly less than those in other 3 groups (Plt;0.05); the majority of volume of pancreatic pseudocysts in group 1 and 3 was not increased, while it was increased in group 2 and 4.The capsule wall of 4 patients (44.4%) was thickening (gt;2~3 cm) in group 2, the capsule wall of 1 patient (11.1%) was thickening in group 4. The etiology of pseudocysts in group 1 and 2 were mainly biliary and located in the pancreatic tail, meanwhile, the BMI, size of pseudocysts and incidence of complication were significantly higher than those in group 2 and 4.ConclusionsThe increasing in size of pancreatic pseudocysts during follow up is an important factor predicting invasive treatment. A chronic pseudocyst with diameter lt; 4 cm is predictor of excellent prognosis, acute pseudocysts with diameter gt; 8 cm is predictor of spontaneous resolution.
Pancreatitis; Pancreatic pseudocyst; Therapy; Forecasting
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2010.02.002
710004 西安,西安交通大学第二附属医院消化科(鲁晓岚);日本日本医科大学第一外科(内田英二、横室茂樹、相本隆幸、中村慶春、田尻孝)
鲁晓岚,Email: xiaolan_lu@163.com