院士风采

彭桓武

1915.10.6～2007

物理学家。原籍湖北麻城，生于吉林长春。1935年毕业于清华大学。1940年获英国爱丁堡大学哲学博士学位。中国科学院理论物理研究所研究员、所长、名誉所长。英国皇家爱尔兰科学院院士。主要从事理论物理基础和应用研究并取得显著成就。回国前研究固体理论、介子理论和量子场理论。回国后研究轻原子核理论，对分子结构提出新的处理方法，并对钢锭快速加热工艺问题作过理论的应用研究，结果与同时的实验符合。在反应堆理论与工程方面作过初期的培训工作。帮助过核工厂制定临界安全规定。参与领导中国第一代原子弹和氢弹的理论研究设计时也作出了具体的重要贡献。近来对量子多体问题提出了自洽场的推广理论。

1955年选聘为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Physicist. Born in Changchun, Jilin Province. Graduated from Tsinghua University in 1935. Received Ph.D. from Edinburgh University, UK in 1940.Research professor, director and honorary director, Institute of Theoretical Physic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Member of the Royal Irish Academy,Dublin.

Peng has been mainly engaged in the basic and applied studies of theoretical physics and has made significant achievements. While abroad, he worked on quantum theory of solids, mesons and fields. After he returned to China, he worked on quantum theory of light nuclei, proposed a new scheme to study the structure of molecules and did some theoretical studies on the fast heating of steel-ingots with results in agreement with those of the concurrent experimental studies. He helped,during the initial stage, to train scientists and engineer in nuclear reactor theory and engineering. He assisted some factories to formulate the critical safey regulations. While participating in directing the theoretical research and design of China's first atomic and hydrogen bombs, he also made some definite important contributions. Recently, he proposed a general theory of self-consistent field for the treatment of quantum many-body problem.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.

1905.12.20～1998.12.28

物理学家。江苏灌云人。1929年毕业于北京师范大学。1940年在巴黎大学获法国国家科学博士学位。中国科学院声学研究所研究员、所长、名誉所长。开创了中国水声学和国防水声学研究，创建、组织和直接领导了有关研究工作，创建好发展了中国第一支水声科技队伍，为中国物理学研究、国防科技和科学事业的发展做出了突出贡献。40年代在大小离子平衡态研究方面取得出色成果，被称为“郎之万—汪德昭—布里加理论”。数十年来在声学诸多方面取得独创性成果。

1955年选聘为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Phsicist. Born in Guanyun, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from Beijing Normal University in 1929. Received France national doctor degree in Paris University in 1940. Research professor, director and honorary director, Institute of Acoustics，Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Wang opened up the research of Chinese underwater acoustics and defense underwater acoustics. He established,organized and directly led the research work, and set up and developed the first team of Chinese underwater acoustics science and technology. He made significant contributions to the research of Chinese physics and the development of national defenes science and technology.He obtained a significant achievement in the research of the equilibrium of big and small ions, which was named “Langevin-Wang Dezhao-Bricard's theory”. He made original results in several aspects in the past decades.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957.

汪德昭

吴文俊

1919.5.12～

数学家。上海人。1940年毕业于上海交通大学。1949年获法国国家科学博士学位。现任中国科学院系统研究学研究所研究员、名誉所长。国际纯粹数学与应用数学中国中心首席主席。中国数学机械化研究的创始人。50年代在示性类、示嵌类等研究方面的取得一系列突出成果（即“吴文俊公式”、“吴文俊示性类”等）。近年来创立了定理机器证明的“吴方法”，影响巨大，它将引起数学研究的方式的变革。

1955年选聘为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Mathematician. Born in Shanghai. Graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1940. Received Docteur es Sciences of France in 1949. Research professor and honorary director,Institute of Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Wu is the originator in the research of mathematics mechanization in China. In the 1950s, he made outstanding achievements in Characteristic classes and imbedding classes(Wu's Formulas, Wu's classes, etc.). Recently, he has invented Wu's Method to prove geometry theorems by computers,which will bring about the reformation of mathematical research methods.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1957.

葛庭燧

1913.5.3～2000.4.29

金属物理学家。山东蓬莱人。1937年毕业于清华大学（理学士）。1940年燕京大学理硕士。1937年毕业于清华大学（理学士）。1940年燕京大学理硕士。1943年获美国加州大学（伯克利）物理学博士学位。随后在麻省理工学院光谱实验室、辐射实验室和芝加哥大学金属研究所进行研究。1949年回国，任清华大学物理系教授，中国科学院应用物理所、金属所研究员，固体物理所所长、名誉所长。主要长期从事固体内消耗，晶体缺陷和力学性质等方面的研究，是固体内消耗研究领域的创始人之一。在内消耗理论、实验研究、仪器研制等方面取得多项出色成果，作出了开创性贡献，因此荣获“内耗与超生衰减国际奖”。首创了“葛型扭摆”首先发现“葛式峰”，首先提出“晶界无序原子群模型”和“位错气团弯结模型”，奠定了非线性滞弹性这一新学科的实验基础。

1955年选聘为中国科学院院士（学部委员）。

Metal physicist. Born in Penglai, Shandong Province.Received BS from Tsinghua University in 1937, MS from Yanjing University in 1940 and Ph.D. in physics from University of California at Berkeley, USA in 1943. Did research at MIT Spectroscopy Laboratory and Radiation Laboratory from 1943 to 1945 and Institute for the Study of Metals of Chicago University from 1945 to 1949. Returned to China in 1949.Professor of physics, Tsinghua University, research professor ,Institute of Applied Physics and honorary director, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Ge has carried out research mainly on internal friction,lattice defects and mechanical properties of solids. He is one of the founders of the research on internal friction in solids. He has achieved numerous outstanding results in the theoretical and experimental research on internal friction and the development of scientific instruments, and made creative contributions for which he was awarded the International Prize on Internal Friction and Ultrasonic Attenuation in 1989.He was the first to set up the “Ke Pendulum”, discover the “Ke Peak” and propose the “Disordered Atomic Group Model of Grain Boundary” and the “Kink establishing the experimental foundation of the mew discipline of nonlinear anelasticity.

He became Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955.