英语“倒装”的9种表现形式

陈玉娟

在英语中,主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前,谓语在后。但有时谓语的全部或部分却提到主语的前面,这种语序叫做“倒装”。就其形式来说,分为两种:一种是整个谓语放在主语之前,称为完全倒装;另一种是谓语的一部分,即助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前,称为部分倒装。倒装的原因,一是语法结构的需要,二是为了强调。

英语中常见的倒装句有下列一些情况:

1.在疑问句中:

(1)Are you a student?

(2)How can we grow rice in areas where there islittle water?

2.在there be结构中:

(1)There is a table and two chairs in the room.(There are two chairs and a table in the room.)

(2)There will be a basketball match this afternoon.

3.在以here,there或out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子里,以示强调。

(1)Here comes the bus.

(2)In came the teacher.

(3)Out rushed the children.

(4)There goes the bell.

(5)Away went the boy.

但主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语的语序不变。

(1)Here it is.

(2)Here you are.

(3)Away he went.

4.Only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时:

(1)Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

(2)Only in this way can you learn your lessons well.

(3)Only when the war was over did he know his son had given his life to the country.

注意:only修饰主语时不倒装。

Only he knows the fact.

5.含有否定意义的副词或连词,如hardly,never,not,not only,little,seldom,at no time等放在句首时:

(1)Never shall I forget what you have done for me.

(2)Hardly had he got on the train when it began to move.

(3)Not only does she sing well, but also she dances well.

(4)Seldom did he go out.

(5)Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

6.把副词so放在句首,表示前面所说的肯定的情况也适用于另一个人(或物)。其句型是so+be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语。

(1)She is busy doing her homework. So is her brother.

(2)You have passed the exam. So have I.

(3)He can speak Russian very well. So can I.

(4)He likes volleyball very much. So do I.

(5)We went to see the film last Sunday. So did they.

(6)If you go there tomorrow, so will I.

7.把neither,nor放在句首,表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人(或物)时,要倒装。其句型是neither(nor)+be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语。

(1)He doesnt like shopping. Neither do I.

(2)He cant speak any foreign language. Nor can his father.

(3)Im not a teacher. Neither(nor)is he.

(4)I have never been abroad. Neither (nor) has he.

8.为了保持句子平衡,或为了强调表语或状语,或使上下文紧密衔接时:

(1)They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.

(2)East of the town lies a beautiful lake.

(3)Under the tree sits a boy.

9.在so...that结构中,so置于句首时,要用倒装结构。

(1)So long are his arms that he can reach the ceiling.

(2)So moved was he that he couldn't say a word.

(3)So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.

作者单位:河北正定三中