高中英语语法系列——形容词和副词

刘守君

[知识梳理]

一、形容词的概念与用法

形容词(adjective)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征。它可在句中充当定语,修饰名词、代词;可以作表语或宾(主)语的补足语,表示主语或宾语的状态、特征;有时也可以作状语。如:

This is abeautifulschool.这是一所美丽的学校。(作定语,修饰名词school)

I have somethingimportantto tell you.我有些重要的事要告诉你们。(作定语,修饰不定代词something)

Our school isbeautiful.我们学校很美丽。(作表语)

Well make our schoolmore beautiful.我们要使我们的学校更美丽。(作宾补)

Our school will be mademore beautiful.我们的学校将会变得更美丽。(作主补)

He got home late that night,hungry and tired.那天晚上他很迟才回来,又累又饿。(作状语)

二、副词的概念与用法

副词(adverb)用以修饰动词、形容词或其它副词。它在句中主要作状语,个别副词也可作表语、定语、或宾(主)语补足语。

He studieshard.他学习很努力。(作状语,修饰动词)

Imterriblysorry for being late. 非常抱歉,我迟到了。(作状语,修饰形容词)

This coat fits himverywell.这件上衣他穿着很合适。(作状语,修饰副词)

The peoplehereare kind to us.这里的人对我们很好。(作定语,修饰The people)

When will you beback? 你什么时候回来?(作表语)

三、形容词与副词的转换

有的形容词加上ly后可转换成副词,规则如下:

注意:friendly, motherly, lovely等词虽然以ly结尾,但不是副词,而是形容词。

四、复合形容词

五、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级构成

1. 规则变化

2. 特殊变化

六、常用形容词、副词比较句型

七、需要注意的几点

1. 避免漏用系动词be。

[译]我今天很忙。

[误]I very busy today.

[正]I am very busy today.

2. 避免修饰错误。

[误] She studies more better than I.

[正] She studies much better than I.

3. 避免产生岐义。

[译]我比她更喜欢那个男孩。

[误]I like the boy better than her.(还可以理解为:我喜欢那个男孩胜过喜欢她)

[正]I like the boy better than she.

4. 避免比较对象不一致。

[误] Her spoken English is as good as I.

[正] Her spoken English is as good as mine.

[正] She speaks English as well as I.

5. 避免自己与自己比较。

[误]He runs faster than any student in his class.

[正]He runs faster than any other student in his class.

[正]He runs faster than anybody else in his class.

[正]He runs faster than (all) the other students in his class.

[正]He runs faster than (all) the others in his class.

[正]He runs faster than any of the other students.

[正]He runs (the) fastest (of the boys) in his class.

6. 从句中“替代”或“省略”时,应使结构清楚、正确。

I spend as much time watching TV as he does ______(write). (Key: writing)

[灵活运用]

一、单句填空

按照下面句子结构的语法性,在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的适当形式填空。

1. If there were no examinations, we should have a much ______(happy) time at school.

2. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ______(well) known for his plays.

3. —How did you find your visit to the museum?

—I thoroughly enjoyed it. It was far _______(interesting) than I expected.

4. I was expecting much ______ (big) rooms. I was ______ (terrible) disappointed.

5. You are so good to me. I am the ______ (lucky) person in the world.

6. As we all know, English is ______(wide) used in the world.

7. A new playground for our children is ______(bad) needed.

8. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a ______(good) voice.

9. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining _______(heavy).

10. He is ______(true) happy who makes others happy.

二、句子翻译

将下列句子翻译成英语,注意下划线部分的用法。

1.在场的那些人都是他的朋友。

2. 他这学期取得的进步比上学期大得多。

3. 他说的话听起来合情合理。

4. 伦敦没有纽约那么现代。

5. 你准备得越快,我们就离开的越早。

6. 一米是一英尺的三倍多长。

7. 汤姆身高1.8米。

8. 我哥哥比我大两岁。

9. 米价格比上个月上涨了15%。

10. 找工作比过去越来越困难了。

三、篇章运用

阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,使用括号中词语的正确形式填空或者将汉语翻译成英语。

Its ___1___ (legal) to drive under the age of eighteen in America. But a ___2 ___(十八岁的) boy managed to pass a driving test on the day of his eighteenth birthday. Most people would consider this ___3___(possible) because he needed a lot of lessons to pass the test. But he arranged to have a___4___ (六小时的) lesson beginning at dawn on his birthday. At first,he was ___5___(care) and hesitant, but he had a wonderful teacher and his driving improved ___6___(great) during the day. By four in the afternoon,still feeling___7___(energy), he was ready to take his test.

He passed the first time! He was___8___(extreme) shocked and drove home very___9___(slow) in the reddish light because the sun was setting. When he got home,he showed his grandfather his certification and told him his whole story. His grandfather broke into smiles,congratulated him___ 10___(warm) and yelled, “My great kid Like me.”

参考答案

一、单句填空

1. happier。考试与无考试之间进行比较,用比较级。

2. better。写短篇故事与写剧本比较“更”有名。

3. more interesting。此处程度副词far用来修饰比较级。

4. bigger, terribly。我原本盼望更大的房间,所以用比较级。terribly修饰表语disappointed。

5. luckiest。“世上最幸运的”,使用最高级。

6. widely。副词widely、highly、deeply表示抽象意义,而副词wide、high、deep表示具体意义,如:His eyes were wide open.。

7. badly。副词badly修饰被动语态。

8. better。她唱的声音与所听的声音比较,故用比较级。

9. heavily。“下大雨(雪)”的“大”用副词heavily。

10. truly。谚语“真正幸福的是使人幸福的人”。true变为副词时要去掉e。

二、句子翻译

1. The peoplepresentwere all his friends.

2. He has mademuch moreprogress this term than he did last term.

3. What he said soundedreasonable.

4. London isnot so modern asNew York.

5.The quickeryou get ready, the sooner well be able to leave.

6. A metre ismore than three times longerthan a foot.

7. Tom is 1.8 metreshigh.

8. Myelderbrother is two yearsolderthan me.

9. The price of rice is15% higherthan last month.

10. Its gettingmore and more difficultto find a job.

三、篇章运用

本文是讲述“他”在18岁生日的那天学习、考试、拿到驾照的经历。

1. illegal。作表语用形容词,由句意可知要填表示“非法的”illegal。

2. 18-year-old 用由“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词作定语。

3. impossible。作宾补仍用形容词,只是意义是改用“不可能的”,上下逻辑才通顺。

4. six-hour。用由“数词+名词”构成的复合形容词作定语。

5. careful。作表语用形容词。

6. greatly。修饰谓语动词improved,作状语,用副词。

7. energetic。在系动词feeling后作表语,用形容词。

8. extremely。修饰分词形容词shocked,作状语,用副词。

9. slowly。修饰谓语动词drove,作状语,用副词。

10. warmly。修饰谓语动词congratulated,作状语,用副词。

责任编校蒋小青