“阅读理解”备考训练的一些建议

冯桂娟

阅读理解在高考中占的比重较大，也是备考过程中的重头戏。学生几乎每天必练两、三篇，但能每篇全对的只有少数。较多学生做阅读题的感受是：文章都能读懂，能理解，但做题时就会出错，甚至有同学埋怨“题目出得不好，出得不合理”。也有学生觉得做了很多题，但没什么进步，再做也是差不多，因而失去信心，抱着考试时碰运气的心理。这些都不利于英语阅读的备考和解题能力的提高。

在平时的“阅读理解”训练中，首先要有正确的心态和明确的目的。英语阅读训练不仅仅是为了应付高考，在阅读中：1. 能了解各方面的知识，开阔视野，为我们的“背景知识”做储备；2. 与英语语言接触，无形中培养了英语的语感，巩固了语言的熟练程度，减少单词的遗忘；3. 扩大英语词汇量。抱着这样的心态，做阅读题就不会成为负担，就能对英语阅读有持久的兴趣。

其次，每次做阅读练习要定量定时：三篇20分钟。考试说明中，该题限时就是20分钟，因此，平时三篇的阅读训练要在20分钟内完成。开始做之前记下时间，做的过程中必须排除其他干扰，集中精神，不听MP3，不查词典，不问同学，不回答其他同学的提问，更不能边吃零食边做或边上其他课边做。

第三，养成适合本人的良好的做题习惯、顺序和策略，在高考中按此模式，就能应付自如，不会慌乱，减少意外情况。例如，在平常练习中尝试先浏览题目，再阅读短文，看是否能更快找到答案，或更容易理解短文，假如你不习惯该模式，则不必强求。至于做题的顺序，建议还是按篇目、题目的顺序，当然，有些同学喜欢先浏览三篇文章，记叙文体裁的先做，科技类型的放最后，这也是可取的，但一定要在平时的练习中实践过，适合个人的风格，并且留意到这种做法所带来的某些问题才可以，否则会出现涂卡时对错题号的意外。

第四，解答阅读理解题的一些策略。

1. 应试阅读不同于休闲阅读或课文学习的阅读，并且时间有限，不必遵循老师课堂上教的“略读、快读、细读”等的阅读策略，但如果短文有标题或小标题，当然还是要先看标题，做到心中有数。短文的阅读必须细心、准确，不能只是大概地浏览，然后就凭印象，或个人的主观看法去选择答案，这样往往容易出错。

2. 短文的阅读并不仅仅是了解短文的内容，也要知道该短文属于什么体裁。这对于写作意图的把握很重要。高考中阅读理解的短文是“书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等”[见英语科考试大纲的说明（广东卷）]。如果是广告性质的，则文段的目的，或作者的意图再明显不过了。以下这篇文段的问题都涉及到作者意图或目的：

Read a whole book in English? Me?

Yes, you. Believe it or not, that may be easier than you think. Not all classics are too difficult or complicated. So youre not limited to the simplified versions. And the easier books are not all for children.

Books in their original versions may send you to the dictionary. And you might not understand everything you read. But reading one from cover to cover will give you a real sense of accomplishment.

The key is to find the right books. Lets take a look at these.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

(C.S. Lewis)

Stepping into an old wardrobe, four English schoolchildren find themselves in the magical world of Narnia. On this delightful land, they find friends among the many talking creatures.

The children soon discover, however, that Narnia is ruled by the White Witch. Edmund, one of the children, falls under her power. Who can free Narnia? Only Aslan, the great and noble lion. He alone knows the Deeper Magic. But the children themselves must help fight the battle against the White Witch and those who serve her.

The Old Man and the Sea(Ernest Hemingway)

Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman, hasnt caught any fish in more than 80 days. Sailing far out from land, the old man hooks an enormous fish. That begins an agonizing three-day battle. First he struggles against the great fish. Then he must fight off the sharks that circle the little boat and threaten to eat his fish. Exhausted and bleeding, the old man arrives back at shore. But his fish, his beautiful fish...

Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for this superb story of strength and courage, of victory and regret.

A Wrinkle in Time(Madeleine Lingle)

Megs father, a U.S. government scientist, has been missing for many months. He had been experimenting with time travel when he mysteriously disappeared.

Now Meg, her little brother Charles Wallace and her friend Calvin will try to rescue him. But first they must outwit the forces of evil they encounter（遇到） on their journey through time and space. Can they find Megs father before its too late?

This novel is more than just a science fiction adventure. Its an exploration of the nature of our universe.

The Long Winter(Laura Ingalls Wilder)

Its winter, 1880－1881, on Americas northern prairies (大草原). Mr. and Mrs. Ingalls and their four girls stay near the kitchen stove to keep warm. Heavy snowstorms cut them off even from neighbors. With the trains stopped, no supplies can reach the town. Food and fuel are running out. Day after day the girls must grind wheat for bread and twist hay to burn. At times they nearly lose the battle to keep their spirits up.

This story provides a fascinating glimpse into the life of early American settlers.

●In the passage, the author intends to ______.

A. recommend a few simplified versions of classics

B. recommend a few original versions of classics

C. tell us how to find proper English books to read

D. tell us how to read through an English book

解析：由于受第四段“The key is to find the right books. Lets take a look at these.”这一句话的影响，比较多的学生选择C。而事实上，从小标题（即书名）可知，这只不过是对几本书的简介，作者的意图应该是B。

3. 学会分辨设题类型。高考中的阅读设题主要考查：（1）理解主旨和要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义；（4）作出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。[见英语科考试大纲的说明（广东卷）] 做题时，可根据不同类型的题目，运用不同的方法。

设题比较多的是第（2）类，也就是“细节题”，解答“细节题”，需要在原文找到相关的信息点，只要细心，通常不难，但要避免“先入为主”或“凭感觉”去选择。

第（4）类题多是：Which of the following statements is (NOT) true? 或 What can we infer from the passage? 前者其实也是属于“细节题”的一种，只不过要在原文中找多个信息点；如果是要“infer from the passage”，则不在原文中直接陈述出来，这就要看读者对原信息的领悟能力了。

对于第（3）类，猜词义题，可先从上下文中推断，使其符合原文意思，前后连贯，如果该词符合构词法原理，也可通过构词法的知识去推断，这样能更快、更准确地解题。如A篇的猜词义题：

The underlined word “outwit” in the passage probably means _____.

A. get rid ofB. take advantage of

C. beat by being clevererD. make the most of

文中的outwit由out和wit（才智、智慧）构成，通过构词法的分析，可知C为正确答案。

第（1）类主旨大意题，也常涉及到为短文选择合适的标题，选标题除了要考虑文章的主要意思，还要考虑标题的特点：简短，吸引读者等。

第（5）类关于文章结构的题目不多，如果解答考查篇章结构的题，则要看首段或末段中关于讨论顺序或重要性的提示词，该类题目通常不难。

第（6）类作者观点、态度的题目，要看文章中作者用词的褒贬，是客观反映事实，反映大众的意见，还是其个人的评论，当然也要注意某些讽刺或夸张的语气，往往这在字里行间可感受到的。

阅读以下短文，判断各类型的题目并做出最佳选择：

Without proper planning, tourism can cause problems. For example, too many tourists can crowd public places that are also enjoyed by the inhabitants of a country. If tourists create too much traffic, the inhabitants become annoyed and unhappy. They begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely. They forget how much tourism can help the countrys economy. It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them. Tourism should help a country, keep the customs and beauty that attract tourists. Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants.

Too much tourism can be a problem. If tourism grows too quickly, people must leave other jobs to work in the tourism industry. This means that other parts of the countrys economy can suffer.

On the other hand, if there is not enough tourism, people can lose jobs. Businesses can also lose money. It costs a great deal of money to build large hotels, airports, air terminals, firs-class roads, and other support facilities needed by tourist attractions. For example, a major international class tourism hotel can cost as much as 50 thousand dollars per room to build. If this room is not used most of the time, the owners of the hotel lose money.

Building a hotel is just a beginning. There must be many support facilities as well, including roads to get to the hotel, electricity, sewers to handle waste, and water. All of these support facilities cost money. If they are not used because there are not enough tourists, jobs and money are lost.

1. Which of the following may have been discussed in the part before this selection？

A. It is extremely important to develop tourism.

B. Building roads and hotels is essential.

C. Support facilities are highly necessary.

D. Planning is of great importance to tourism.

2. The underlined word“inhabitants” probably means ______.

A. tourists B. passengers

C. population D. citizens

3. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

A. Tourism Brings Both Benefits and Problems

B. What Will It Become if There Is Too Much Tourism or Not Enough Tourism?

C. Tourism Needs Proper Planning

D. Tourism and Country Development

4. Too much tourism can cause all these problems EXCEPT _______.

A. a bad effect on other industries

B. a change of tourists customs

C. over －crowdedness

D. pressure on traffic

5. It can be inferred from the text that ________.

A. the author doesnt like tourism developing so fast

B. local people will benefit from tourist attraction

C. a countrys economy wont benefit from tourism much

D. we cant build too many support facilities

6. The author thinks it is _____ for local people to know tourism will help improve their life.

A. unnecessary B. hard

C. easy D. good

第1题属于“理解文章基本结构”题，需知道给出的文段的结构，才能知道上一段可能讨论的内容。原文分两大部分：too much tourism; not enough tourism, 并且文章的第一句话属于承上启下的句子，因此，正确的选择为D。

第2题属于“猜词义”题，通过上一句话提到too many tourists can crowd public places可知不可能是tourists或passengers，剩下population和citizens两词，代进原文，不难看出citizens才符合句意。另一方面把该词拆成in－habitants, 通过habitat（居留地、生活环境）一词，也能猜出inhabitants与citizens近义。

第3题要求选择恰当的标题，只有B和C反映了短文的主要内容，但B选项表示文章的大意尚可，作为标题不如C选项简练和一目了然，因此，最佳答案为C。

第4题属于“细节”题，须在文章1，2段（这两段讨论too much tourism）找到相关信息点：A选项信息点在第2段最后一句：This means that other parts of the countrys economy can suffer. C选项信息点在第1段第二句：...too many tourists can crowd public places... D选项信息点在第1段第三句：If tourists create too much traffic... 因此，这一题选B。

第5题是“推断”题，整篇文章讨论了“如果没有合理的规划，旅游业过度发展或不足都会带来各种各样的问题”，但文章中渗透了“旅游业对当地发展的好处”的表达：They forget how much tourism can help the countrys economy. Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness of local inhabitants.（第1段）因此，不难推断：local people will benefit from tourist attraction（B选项）。

第6题属于“作者意图、态度”题，从作者对“旅游业要恰当规划”的讨论中可看到，作者的观点是：旅游业必须有规划才能带来好处，如果人们意识不到这一点，旅游业就会无度发展，带来一系列的问题，所以The author thinks it good for local people to know tourism will help improve their life.（该题选D）。

以上提出了做阅读理解题的一些方法和建议，同学们要在平时的练习中多加体会，多总结并结合自己的实际情况形成自己有效的做题方法和好的习惯。

责任编校蒋小青