Ｕｎｉｔｓ３－４重难点讲解

张　爽

Unit 3

1.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories. 六个角代表六大州，第七个角代表所有的区。

represent用作动词，意思为“代表，象征，体现，描绘，描述”。

He represented China in the conference.

他代表中国参加了这个会议。

The dove represents peace. 鸽子象征和平。

[发散思维]representative adj. 有代表性的，典型的；n.包含多种类型的样品

stand for为固定短语，意思为“代表，象征，主张，支持”等，口语中可用作“容忍，允许”的意思。

Our flag stands for our country. 我们的旗帜代表我们的国家。

We like our school and all it stands for.

我们喜欢我们学校以及它所提倡的一切。

CPC stands for the Communist Party of China.

CPC是中国共产党的英文名称的缩写。

I cant stand for those who put on airs. 我不能容忍摆架子的人。

2.These peoples came to the continent at least fifty thousand years ago and created complex societies. 这些部落至少在5万年前就来到这块大陆上，并且创造了复杂的社会群体。

at least意思为“至少，起码，不管怎样”，反义词为at most。如：

It requires at least two days. 这事至少需要2天。

The railway will be completed in six months at most.

这条铁路至多6个月就能完成。

[链接]at the latest最迟

Passengers should check in one hour before their flight time at the latest. 乘客最迟应在班机起飞前一小时办理登机手续。

create用作动词，意为“创造，创作;引起，产生，造成”，名词形式为creation。如：

This hotel creates a friendly atmosphere.

这个宾馆营造了一种友好的氛围。

There are more and more new industries that create new jobs in modern society.

在现代社会，有越来越多的带来新的就业机会的新兴产业。

[发散思维]creation n.创造，产生 creative adj.创造性的,有创造力的 creativity n.创造性，创造力，独创性

complex用作形容词，意为“复杂的，难以理解的，复合的，综合的”等，反义词为simple。

3.In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown. 在1770年,詹姆斯•库克船长声称这个大陆的东海岸属于大不列颠王国。

claim用作动词，意为“要求, 认领, 自称, 声称, 主张”等。如：

The farmers claimed compensation for the losses.

农民们要求赔偿损失。

Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人来认领这块手表吗？

[发散思维]“公开表达”“宣布”的一组同义词：

state“陈述，声明”，书面或演讲中的正式表达。

declare“宣布，断言”，与state接近，但主要指口头的，尤指官方的声明。

announce“公开宣布，通知”，不一定是正式的。

claim“断言，宣称”，尤指面对反对意见时。

4.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognise the importance of a diverse society. 许多年之后澳大利亚人才开始懂得尊重土著居民，并认识到多元化社会的重要性。

recognise v.意为“认识，认出，承认，公认”等。如：

He recognised that he was not qualified for the work.

他认识到自己做这项工作是不够资格的。

[发散思维]recognition n.认识，认出，承认

He has won wide recognition in the field of medicine.

他在医学领域里受到广泛的赞誉。

[发散思维]diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的

His interests are very diverse. 他的兴趣非常广泛。

diversity n. 多种多样，多样性

There are a wide diversity of opinions in the meeting.

会议上众说纷纭。

5.The country also began to change its attitude towards Aborigines: in the late 1960s, the government passed laws to strengthen the rights of Aborigines and Islanders and to improve their living conditions. 国家也开始改变对土著人的态度：在20世纪60年代晚期，政府通过法律来加强土著人和岛上居民的权利，并改善他们的生活条件。

attitude n. 意思是“态度，看法”，常和介词to/towards连用。如：

There are great changes in attitude towards handicapped people nowadays. 现今，在对待残疾人的态度方面有了很大变化。

I dont think its fair to accuse me of having an attitude problem.

我认为说我态度有问题是不公平的。

Unit 4

6.Until then, mostly doctors and surgeons studied herbs. 到那时为止，大部分内科医生和外科医生都研究过药草。

until(=till)常用在句首（till不可用于句首），可作介词或连词，意为“直到……为止，直到……才”。在肯定句中，与延续性、持续性动词连用；在否定句中，与瞬时性、短暂性动词连用。

I shall stay here until next Sunday.

我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。

He didnt come back until late in the evening.

他直到晚上很迟才回来。

[链接]not until放在句首，句子要倒装；强调till或until引导的状语，如果是否定句应把not提前。

Not until all the fish died in the river, did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. 直到那条河里所有的鱼都死了,村民们才意识到污染有多么严重。

It wasnt until 12 oclock that he came back. 他直到12点才回家。

7.Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing… 表明植物之间的关系是一件复杂而且奇怪的事……

related形容词，意为“有联系的，相关的，有亲戚关系的”。

The two neighbouring countries are as closely related as the lips and teeth. 这两个国家是唇齿相依的两个邻邦。

[链接]relate的用法:

（1）v.（和……）关联，把……与……联系起来

How on earth do his remarks relate to what we are discussing now?

他的评语和我们现在所讨论的事物究竟有什么关系呢？

（2）v.（对人）谈……，叙述，讲……

He related his adventure to his children.

他将自己的冒险经历说给他的孩子们听。

（3）relate to 涉及，与……相关，谈到

We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.

我们应针对我们的具体情况来讨论这个问题。

She says she is related to the royal family.

她说她与王室有亲戚关系。

（4）in/with relation to关于，有关

an answer with no relation to the question跟问题无关的答复

（5）be related to…（与……）有亲戚关系，有关联

He is related to my father. 他同我父亲有亲属关系。

8.As a result, fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related, although they are different at first sight. 因此，像桃和梨这样的水果实际上是有紧密关系的，尽管它们第一眼看上去不同。

sight为名词，意为“目光，视力，视野，景象，风景（一般用复数），奇观”。

He lost his sight in an accident. 他在一次事故中丧失了视力。

It was his first sight of an elephant. 这是他第一次见到大象。

The sunset was a beautiful sight. 日落是很美的景色。

John enjoys seeing the sights of the West Lake.

约翰很喜欢观赏西湖的风景。

[开放思维]与sight有关的短语：

at first sight乍一看 at the sight of一看见

catch (have/get) sight of看到，发现

[发散思维]sightseeing n.观光，游览；adj.观光的

go sightseeing去观光游览 a sightseeing tour观光旅行

9.In 1768, the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on an expedition to Tahiti. 1768年,英国皇家海军任命詹姆斯•库克为“奋力号”船长，带领皇家学会成员远征塔希提岛。

appoint及物动词，意为“任命，委任，约定，指定（时间、地点）”。

They appointed a place to exchange experience.

他们约定一个地方交流经验。

[发散思维]appointment n.任命；约会，约定

the appointment of a proper person to an office

任命一个适当的人担任某个职务

[开放思维]keep/break ones appointment守/违约

make/fix an appointment with sb.与某人约会

expedition n.[C] 远征队， 探险队， 考察队; 远征， 探险， 考察

go on an expedition去远征/探险/考察

make an expedition to the North Pole去北极探险

10.As astronomy was one of the most important branches of science, it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition. 天文学是一个很重要的科学分支，因此英国政府赞助了远征中天文学部分所有的设备和经费。

As astronomy was…是一个由as引导的原因状语从句，主句由it引导的强调句构成。

As all the seats were full, we had to stand up.

由于所有位置都有人，我们只好站着。

We started off on foot, as David had an appetite for walking.

因为大卫喜欢走路，我们就步行出发了。

pay的宾语是“钱”或“人”。

I paid the shop owner $ 5 for the pen.

我为这支钢笔付了5美元给商店主人。

Have you paid all your debts yet? 你的债务全还清了吗？

[开放思维] pay for付……费用（宾语是东西）；付出代价

pay back 偿还（借款等）；报答；向……报复 pay off偿清（债务）

pay sb. off付清工资加以解雇 pay up付清，缴清 pay in缴款，存入