直接引语和间接引语

李国勤

引述某人的话一般采用两种形式：一种是直接引语（Direct Speech），即原封不动地引用原话，把它放在引号内；另一种是间接引语（Indirect Speech），即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的内容不放在引号内。

一、直接引语变间接引语

A． 陈述句的间接引语

直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，在多数情况下都构成一个that引导的宾语从句，引述动词通常是say, tell等。与此同时，间接引语中的人称、时态和其他方面也要相应有所变化。

The foreigner said to me, “I like Beijing very much.”

那老外对我说：“我很喜欢北京。”

→The foreigner told me that he (she) liked Beijing very much.

那老外告诉我说他（她）很喜欢北京。

She said, “We are very fond of sports.” 她说：“我们都喜欢体育运动。”

→She said that they were very fond of sports. 她说他（她）们都喜欢体育运动。

“Ill go over the grammar lesson once again,” he said.

他说：“我将把语法课再复习一遍。”

→He said that he would go over the grammar lesson once again. 他说他将要把语法课再复习一遍。

B． 疑问句的间接引语

1．一般疑问句和反意疑问句

一般疑问句改为间接引语时，要用陈述语序，并要加连词if 或 whether，其主句动词常用ask, wonder, want to know, didnt know等。句末不用问号。

My teacher asked me, “Do you like American country music？” 我老师问我：“你喜欢美国乡村音乐吗？”

→My teacher asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 我老师问我是否喜欢美国乡村音乐。

“You havent been to Beijing, have you?” asked he. 他问：“你没去过北京，是吗？”

→He asked me if/whether I had been to Beijing. 他问我是否去过北京。

2．否定的一般疑问句和选择疑问句

如果直接引语为否定的一般问句或选择疑问句时，用whether/or连接。

She said, “Dont you know my telephone number?” 她说：“你难道不知道我的电话号码吗？”

→She asked me whether I knew her telephone number or not.

她问我是否知道她的电话号码。

“Do you like this one or that one?” Tom asked. 汤姆问：“你是喜欢这个还是那个？”

→Tom asked me whether I liked this one or that one. 汤姆问我是喜欢这个还是那个。

3．特殊疑问句

直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句，注意从句必须用陈述语序，主句谓语动词常用ask。

He asked, “How do you like it?” 他问：“你觉得怎样？”

→He asked me how I liked it.

他问我觉得它怎样。

She asked me, “Whats the matter with you？” 她问我：“你怎么啦？”

→She asked me what was the matter with me. 她问我我怎么啦。

“How many books do you have?” she asked. 她问：“你有多少本书？”

→She asked me how many books I had. 她问我有多少本。

4.其它

英语中有些疑问句并非提出疑问，而是表示请求、劝告、建议等。这种疑问句变为间接引语时，往往采用其他的形式。

①suggest doing

“Shall we all go to the film tonight?” said Michael. 迈克尔说：“我们今晚都去看电影，好吗？”

→Michael suggested going to the film tonight. 迈克尔建议今晚都去看电影。

“What about having a drink?” he asked. 他问：“喝一杯怎么样？”

He suggested having a drink.

他建议喝一杯。

②advise sb. to do

“Why dont you go hiking?” asked James. 詹姆斯问：“你为什么不徒步旅行？”

James advised me to go hiking.

詹姆斯建议我去徒步旅行。

③offer to do

He said, “Would you like me to post the letter?” 他说：“你要我寄信吗？”

He offered to post the letter.

他主动提出寄信。

④ask sb. to do

“Will you please bring your reference book here tomorrow?” she said to me. 她对我说：“劳驾你明天把你的参考书带来好吗？”

→She asked me to take my reference book there the next day.

她让我第二天把我的参考书带去。

C． 祈使句的间接引语

1．直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语往往用复合宾语来表示，其结构为主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（动词不定式）。引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词，句中please去掉。

She said to me, “Please have a rest.” 她对我说：“请休息一下。”

→She asked me to have a rest. 她要求我休息一下。

“Dont all answer at once,” she said to the pupils. 她对学生说：“大家不要齐声回答。”

→She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 她叫学生不要齐声回答。

2．带有let的祈使句（表示请求，建议或命令），可用suggest+v-ing形式或suggest+that从句来表示其相应的意思。

“Lets go for a walk,” said the girl. 那姑娘说：“让我们去散散步吧。”

→The girl suggested going for a walk. 这女孩建议去散散步。

The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy the classroom.” 老师说：“让莉莉整理教室。”

→The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom.

老师建议让莉莉整理教室。

D． 感叹句的间接引语

1 ．直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时，多采用宾语从句结构，既可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。

“What a clever boy you are!”my teacher said to him. 老师对他说：“你是个聪明的孩子啊！”

→My teacher told him what a clever boy he was. 老师对他说他是一个多聪明的孩子啊。

→My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy. 老师说他是一个非常聪明的孩子。

He said, “How well you look!” 他说：“你看起来气色多好啊！”

→He said how well I looked.

他说我看起来气色多好啊。

→He said that I looked very well. 他说我看起来气色很好。

2.有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思，采用适当的动词变为陈述句，不需用间接宾语来转述。

“Help!” he cried. 他喊到：“救命啊！”

→He called for help.

他大声呼救。

“What terrible weather it is!” he said. 他说：“多么糟糕的天气！”

→He complained about the terrible weather.

他抱怨这糟糕的天气。

“Happy Christmas!” he said.

他说：“圣诞快乐！”

He wished me a happy Christmas. 他祝我圣诞快乐。